Iodine-containing products

The most widely used and effective disinfectant solutions are based on iodine (iodophor) with concentrations ranging between 0.05% and 0.1%, but sometimes higher concentrations are recommended. Other agents such as chlorhexidine or chlorine dioxide, peroxide, sodium chloride and lactic acid may also be effective (Wilson et al., 1997) but are not common. Recent trials show positive effects of aloe vera-based dipping agents (Leon et al., 2004). One problem of iodine containing products is their low pH value (<4.0), which is necessary for their antimicrobial activity (Hansen and Hamann, 2003). 

Hypoglycemia drug-induced Hypothalamic hormones Immunization agents used in Immunosuppressive medications In vitro fertilization drugs for Insomnia treatment with benzodiazepines Insulin preparations Iodine-containing products Ischemic stroke treatment of Laxatives... 

Chnicians should be mindful of a patients reported adverse reactions to iodine-containing products when considering the initiation of other agents containing iodine, because their atopy may lead to reactions with other compounds. 

It is not appropriate to mark a patients medical chart with iodine allergy if a patient has a reaction to an iodine-containing product rather, it should be marked only with the individual product invoking the reaction. 

The oxidation number of iodine in lOs is +5. Since 5 moles of electrons are gained per mole of IO3, the final oxidation state of iodine is +5 - 5 = 0. The iodine containing product of the reaction is most likely elemental iodine, I2. 

D. A bluish skin discoloration involving sweat glands may occur following large doses of iodine-containing products. 

Kelp and kombu contain the element iodine (0.14-0.44% dry weight) (Dawczynski et al. 2007 Teas et al. 2004). Iodine idiosyncrasy, hyperthyroidism, and thyroid toxicity have been indicated as possible side effects after long-term, uncontrolled use of iodine-containing products, such as kelp, bull kelp, or kombu (Wichtl 2004). Excessive consumption of iodine can lead to goiter (swelling of the thyroid gland) (Baker 2004 Pennington 1990). 

Until 1990, some flaked iodine and iodine-containing wastes were sublimed to obtain an especially high grade product. This process has been dropped because of quaUty improvements in the standard operations. Sublimed iodine is produced only in small quantities by specialized companies that... 

The first iodine-containing mineral (Agl) was discovered in Mexico in 1825 but the discovery of iodate as an impurity in Chilean saltpetre in 1840 proved to be more significant industrially. The Chilean nitrate deposits provided the largest proportion of the world s iodine until overtaken in the late 1960s by Japanese production from natural brines (pp. 796, 799). 

Of the four halogens, iodine is the weakest oxidizing agent. Tincture of iodine, a 10% solution of I2 in alcohol, is sometimes used as an antiseptic. Hospitals most often use a product called povidone-iodine, a quite powerful iodine-containing antiseptic and disinfectant, which can be diluted with water to the desired strength. These applications of molecular iodine should not delude you into thinking that the solid is harmless. On the contrary, if I2(s) is allowed to remain in contact with your skin, it can cause painful bums that are slow to heal. 

Packer et al. (1981) found that y-irradiation reduces arenediazonium tetrafluoro-borates to aryl radicals. Packer and Taylor (1985) investigated the y-irradiation of 4-chlorobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate by a 60Co source in the presence of 1 alone or I- +13 . The major product in the presence of iodide was 4,4 -dichloroazo-benzene. With I- + 1 ", however, it was 4-chloroiodobenzene. Two other investigations of the reactivity of aryl radicals with iodine-containing species are important for the understanding of the chain process of iodo-de-diazoniation that starts after formation of the aryl radical. Kryger et al. (1977) showed that, in the thermal decomposition of phenylazotriphenylmethane, the rate of iodine abstraction from I2 is extremely fast (see also Ando, 1978, p. 341). Furthermore, evidence for the formation of the radical anion V2 was reported by Beckwith and Meijs (1987) and by Abey-wickrema and Beckwith (1987) (see Sec. 10.11). 

When the submitters used technical-grade ethyl ether, the amount of iodine-containing by-products isolated from the chromatography was increased, and the yield of cyclohexanol was somewhat lower. 

Fig. 1.97.1. Schema of the Coulometer MeBzelle DL 36 for measurement of residual moisture content (RM) after Karl Fischer. In the titration cell (1) iodine is electrolytically produced (3) from an iodine-containing analyt (2). Water in the titration cell reacts with the iodine. When the water is used up, a small excess of iodine is produced, which is detected by special electrodes, which leads to iodine production being stopped. The amount of water in the cell can be calculated from the reading of the coulometer, and the amount of electrical charge needed. The solids are introduced into the cell either by a lock, or the water is desorbed in an oven and carried by a gas stream into the cell. 10 pg in a sample can be detected with an accuracy of reading of 0.1 pg (KF Coulometer DL36, Mettler-Toledo AG, CH-8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland).

The oil contains considerable amounts of derivatives formed by reaction with the solvent cyclohexanol acetate, bicyclohexyl, and a number of high-b>oiling, iodine-containing substances. These by-products are removed only after oxidation. 

Potassium iodide can also be obtained from the aq. extract of kelp or from the mother liquid remaining after the separation of sodium chloride and potassium sulphate from sea-water by evaporation. In E. Allary and J. Pellieux process,8 the liquid is evaporated to dryness and roasted in a special furnace so as to avoid a loss of iodine. The product is fractionally extracted with cold water, when a soln. is obtained which on evaporation gives a residue with 50 per cent, of alkali iodide. This product is extracted.in a special digester with 50 per cent, alcohol. The solvent dissolves little more than the iodides. The alcohol is distilled off, and on evaporation a residue containing about 34 per cent, of potassium iodide, and 66 per cent, of sodium iodide is obtained. To convert the latter into potassium iodide, the proper quantity of a soln. of potassium carbonate is added and carbon dioxide passed into the liquid whereby sodium bicarbonate is precipitated. The precipitate is separated by a filter press, and the small amount of sodium bicarbonate remaining in the soln. is separated by the addition of a little hydrochloric acid and the sodium chloride and potassium iodide separated by fractional crystallization. In E. Sonstadt s process, the mother liquid is treated with chlorine mixed with potassium chlorate or permanganate so as to convert the iodine into iodate. A soln. of a barium salt is added, and the barium iodate treated with potassium sulphate. Barium sulphate is precipitated, and the soln. of potassium iodate is evaporated to dryness and calcined to convert the iodate to iodide. The latter is purified by crystallization. 

Anonymous. Iodine. Some products contain more than the RDA. WHO Pharm Newslett 2003 3 2. 

The use of iodine-containing pseudohalogens has been demonstrated to cause a variety of side reactions. Treatment of methyl 5-0-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-D-g/ycero-pent-2-enofuranoside (83, Scheme 22) with nitryl iodide afforded none of the desired addition product, but gave a quantitative yield of furfuryl benzoate (86). The same result was obtained by treating 83 with iodine nitrate, or with iodine alone.125 The rationale for this undesired result lies in the ability of iodine to act as a Lewis acid, polarizing the glycosidic bond, generating an oxacarbenium cation, which then decomposes to the stable aromatic 86. 

Short-lived iodine fission products have also been separated by a similar method. In this case, an oxidant such as nitrite ion in acidic aqueous solution has been used (50,255) the iodine extracted into carbon tetrachloride, and then back-extracted into an aqueous solution containing sodium hydrosulphite (50). 

For iodine-containing compounds the position is simpler, solid iodine being the sole product of combustion 29 Xhe accuracy... 

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