13 iodine in milk

Swanson, E. W. 1981. Investigating iodine in milk and beef—working for FDA. In Stokely-Van Camp Annual Symposium. Food in Contemporary Society. Emerging Patterns. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, Tenn., pp. 165-169. 

The transfer factor Fm from feed to milk is defined in equation (2.11) as the activity per litre expressed as a fraction of the activity ingested daily by the cow. Numerous measurements of Fm have been made by dosing cows with iodine isotopes or by comparing radioactive or stable iodine in milk and in the herbage eaten by the cows. Table 3.6 shows a selection of the results. Fm depends on the yield of milk and on seasonal factors (Gamer, 1971), but it does not appear to depend on the chemical form of the iodine (Bretthauer et al., 1972). Gamer (1971) recommended Fm = 5 x 10 3 d l-1 for UK conditions, but noted that US results tended towards a higher value. 

S. Sturup, A. Buchert, Direct determination of copper and iodine in milk and milk powder in alkaline solution by Bow injection inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 354 (1996), 323 D 326. 

L. Fernandez Sanchez, J. Szpunar, Speciation analysis for iodine in milk by size-exclusion chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection (SEC-ICP MS), J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 14 (1999), 1697D1703. 

Grys [654] studied this method in more detail and applied it to the determination of iodine, present as a free element, iodide and firmly bound iodine in milk. A 0.4-ml volume of fresh milk was placed in a 35-ml Kjehldahl swan-necked flask, mixed with 1.0 ml of 2 M potassium carbonate solution, dried at 105°C overnight and then ashed at 600—... 

Hu, M., Chen, H., Jiang, Y., Zhu, H. Headspace single-drop microextraction coupled with gas chromatography electron capture detection of butanone derivative for determination of iodine in milk powder and urine. Chem. Pap. 67(10), 1255-1261 (2013)... 

Grys, S. The gas-liquid chromatographic determination of inorganic iodine, iodide and tightly bound iodine in milk. J. Chromatogr. 100, 43 (1974)... 

Let us consider the determination of iodides as an example. The reaction method of iodide determination was proposed by Hasty [137, 138]. It is based on iodination of ketones in an acidic medium followed by determination of the resulting iodoketone by gas-liquid chromatography using an electron-capture detector. The method was later improved by using butanone-2 instead of acetone, which made it possible to increase the detection sensitivity [139]. A similar method for determining the total content of inorganic iodine in milk was proposed by Bakker [140]. The detection limit does not exceed lOmg/1. It is a sufficiently accurate method with a relative standard deviation of 1.9%. 

Travnicek j, Ther R and Kursa J (2000b) Concentration of iodine in milk of sheep and goats in South Bohemia. Mengen- und Spurenelemente 20 909-914. 

MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food). (2000). Food Surveillance Information Sheet 198, Iodine in Milk. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London, UK. Malvaux, P, Beckers, C. and De Visscher, M. (1969). J. Clin. Endocrinol. 29, 1372-1380. 

A semi-automated method for determination of the total iodine in milk was described by Aumont (Aumont, 1982). The method involved destruction of organic matter by alkaline incineration and automated spectrophometric determination of iodide based on the Sandell and Kolthoff s reaction. The recoveries of the added iodide before calcination were between 90.05 +/- 7.36% and 97.14 +/- 4.56% (mean +/- S.D.). The coefficient of variation ranged from 2.15 to 7.21% depending on the iodine content in the milk. The limit of detection was estimated to be aroxmd 2 pg/kg. 

A flow injection method based on the catalytic action of iodide on the colour-fading reaction of the FeSCN2+ complex was proposed and applied in order to determine iodine in milk. At pH 5.0, temperature 32°C and measurements at 460 nm, the decrease in absorbancy of Fe -SCN (0.10 and 0.0020 mol /I) in the presence of N02" (0.3 mol/ 1) is proportional to the concentration of iodide, with a linear response up to 100.0 pg/1. The detection limit was determined as 0.99 pg/1 and the system handles 48 samples per hour. Organic matter was destroyed by means of a dry procedure carried out under alkaline conditions. Alternatively, the use of a Schoninger combustion after the milk dehydration was evaluated. The residue was taken up in 0.12 mol/1 KOH solubilization. For typical samples, recoveries varied from 94.5 to 105%, based on the amounts of both organic matter destroyed. The accuracy of the method was established by using a certified reference material (IAEA A-11, milk powder) and a manual method. The proposed flow injection method is now applied as an indicator of milk quality on the Brazilian market (de Araujo Nogueira et al., 1998). 

Aumont, G. (1982). A Semi-Automated Method For The Determination Of Total Iodine In Milk. Ann Rech Vet. Vol.l3, No.2, pp 205-210, ISSN 0003-4193... 

De Araujo Nogueira, A. R., Mockiuti, F., De Souza, G. B. Piimavesi, O. (1998). Flow Injection Spectrophotometric Catalytic Determination of Iodine in Milk. Anal. ScL, Vol.l4, pp 559-564, ISSN 1348-2246... 

Fecher P. A., Goldman, 1. A. Nagengast. (1998). Determination Of Iodine In Food Samples By Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry After Alkaline Extraction. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectometry, Vol.l3, pp 977-982, ISSN 1364-5544 Fernandez-Sanchez, L. Szpunar, J. (1999). Spedation Analysis For Iodine In Milk By Size -Exclusion Chromatography With Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometric Detection (SEC-ICP MS). J.Anal. At. Spectrom., Vol.l4, pp 1697-1702, ISSN 1364-5544 Fernandez-Sanchez, L., Bermejo-Barreraa, P., Fraga-Bermudez, Szpunar, J. Lobinski R. 

It should be noted from Table XI that the iodine dose (5.2 rad) that can be received by accidental ingestion as defined in the previous paragraph is comparable in size to the iodine dose from inhalation (15.5 rads-Table IX). Figure 15 of Beattie and Bryant (39) shows that 10% of the iodine in milk dose could be received by the child within the first day. Therefore, for public areas close to and downwind of the reactor, the milk ban should be prompt if the ERL of 25 rads thyroid dose is not to be exceeded. More distant areas with lower levels of milk contamination can wait. Technically,... 

The radioiodine content of milk can be determined on the basis of iodine extraction from milk with tetrachloromethane (carbon tetrachloride). In this way, only inorganic iodine in milk is determined, and organically bound iodine is obtained after alkali metal fusion and extraction. The activity is measured after the precipitation of silver iodide. 

Field concentration methods can be used to increase the quantity of in certain materials that are collected. Thus, particle filters and activated charcoal filters have been used to collect atmospheric iodine (Brauer et al., 1974a). Ion-exchange methods, usually using anion exchange resins, have been used to sample water-borne iodine and ionic iodine in milk (Daly et al., 1974 Brauer and Rieck, 1973 Brauer et al., 1974b Keisch et al., 1965). Natural iodine collectors, such as thyroid tissue and seaweed, have been used for collection of environmental I samples (Brauer et al., 1974b Keisch et al., 1964 NSEC, 1963 Boulos et al., 1973 Kelleher and Michael, 1973 Smith, 1977 Oliver et al., 1982 Schuttelkopf and Pimpl, 1982). 

Phillips DIW, Nelson M, Barker DJP, Morris JA, Wood TJ. Iodine in milk and the... 

Vanhoe, H.,Van Allemeersch, F.,Versieck,J., and Dams, R. (1993). Effect solvent type on the determination of total iodine in milk powder and human serum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Analyst (London) 118(8), 1015. 

Radioactive iodine in milk is predominantly (greater than 90%) in iodide form and milk ordinarily requires no pretreatment before separation of iodine (128). When formaldehyde is added to milk as a preservative, most of the iodide becomes bound to the protein in the milk. Trichloroacetic acid is an effective precipitant for the protein. 

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