Iodination, alcohols using

Iodine compounds are important in organic chemistry and very useful in medicine. Iodides, and thyroxine which contains iodine, are used internally in medicine, and as a solution of KI and iodine in alcohol is used for external wounds. Potassium iodide finds use in photography. The deep blue color with starch solution is characteristic of the free element. 

Oxepanes have been obtained by the iodoetherification of unsaturated alcohols using bis(5 / -collidine)iodine(I) hexafluorophosphate <96JOC5793>. Thus 6-hepten-l-ol affords 2-iodomethyloxepane in 95% yield. A similar reaction with, for example, (3Z,6Z)-3,6-octadien-l-ol affords 2-(iodomethyl)-2-methyl-4-oxepane. 

Hubl e reagent analychem Solution of iodine and mercuric chloride in alcohol used to determine the iodine content of oils and fats. hab-alz re,a- 3nt ... 

Tr. iodine (2%) in alcohol Used on cuts, for degerming skin before surgery. 

Other Hypervalent Iodine Compounds Used for Oxidation of Alcohols... 

Undoubtedly the most familiar use of iodine is in tincture of iodine, which is so commonly used as an antiseptic. This consists of a solution of iodine and potassium iodide in alcohol and is one of the most effective antiseptics known. Iodine is used to make many useful compounds including sodium and potassium iodides, which are important laboratory reagents silver iodide, which (like silver bromide) is used in photography and numerous organic compounds of iodine which are useful in drugs, in the production of dyes, and so forth. 

Iodine vapor has characteristic properties. It is violet in color, and it has a characteristic odor. The odor of tincture of iodine (a solution of iodine in alcohol, used as an antiseptic) is a combination of the odor of iodine vapor and the odor of ethyl alcohol. 

NOTE.—An excess of the alcohol is usually taken in preparing alkyl halides by the method illustrated above. The phosphorus and iodine are used in the proportions necessary to form phosphorus tri-iodide, PI3. The chief reaction which takes place is represented by the following equation ... 

Iodine is not used as widely as the other halogens. A 50 percent (by mass) alcohol solution of iodine, known as tincture of iodine, is used medicinally as an antiseptic. Iodine is an essential constituent of the thyroid hormone thyroxine ... 

A convenient method of obtaining diphenyl alkylphosphonates is to heat triphenyl phosphite with an alcohol at 220-250° in the presence of a catalytic amount of the corresponding alkyl iodide sodium iodide or iodine may also be used as the catalyst. The best results are obtained when the alcohol used boils appreciably higher than phenol (180°), so that the phenol distils off continuously.339... 

Iodine is used largely in medicine owing to its powerful germicidal action. The brown solutions of iodine in alcohol or aqueous potassium iodide applied as paints to wounds, etc, are familiar to all Iodine is the main constituent of iodoform it is also used in photography and in chemical laboratories. 

A. Iodine The universal detection reagent iodine is used either as a 1% alcoholic spray, or the plate is placed in a closed jar or tank containing iodine crystals. The iodine vapor dissolves in, or forms weak charge-transfer complexes with organic compounds, which show up as brown spots on a pale yellow background within a few minutes. After marking zones for future reference, exposure of the plate to air causes the iodine to sublimate and the spots to fade, after which the plate can be sprayed with another reagent or the solute can be eluted from the plate for further analysis. 

The sequential use of a chlorhexidine gluconate-containing detergent followed by an alcoholic disinfectant reduced the release of resident skin bacteria significantly better than did a sequence of unmedicated soap and alcohol used for the same periods. Paulson compared five surgical hand-scrub preparations (4% CHG brush, 2% CHG solution, povidone-iodine brush, parachlorometaxylenol brush, and alcohol-impregnated brush) [ 14]. Only the CHG products demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness in all three parameters (immediate, persistent, and residual). A comparison also was made between a 5-minute povidone-iodine scrub and a 1 -minute povidone-iodine scrub, followed by alcohol foam [15]. The total number... 

Iodine in its pure form is relatively insoluble in water without a solubilizing agent, but it dissolves well in various alcohols to provide an iodine tincture. Tinctures of iodine are used primarily as antiseptics. 

A similar oxidative protocol has been used for the oxidation of (fluoroalkyl)alkanols, Rf(CH2) CH20H, to the respective aldehydes [146], in the one-pot selective oxidation/olefination of primary alcohols using the PhI(OAc)2-TEMPO system and stabilized phosphorus ylides [147] and in the chemo-enzymatic oxidation-hydrocyanation of 7,8-unsaturated alcohols [148]. Other [bis(acyloxy)iodo]arenes can be used instead of PhI(OAc)2 in the TEMPO-catalyzed oxidations, in particular the recyclable monomeric and the polymer-supported hypervalent iodine reagents (Chapter 5). Further modifications of this method include the use of polymer-supported TEMPO [151], fluorous-tagged TEMPO [152,153], ion-supported TEMPO [154] and TEMPO immobilized on silica [148],... 

Section 3.2). Catalytic application of the iodine(V) species in the oxidation of alcohols has been reviewed by Uyanik and Ishihara [10, 75]. The first examples of a catalytic application of an iodine(V) species (i.e., IBX) in the oxidation of alcohols using Oxone as a stoichiometric oxidant were independently reported by the groups of Vinod [4] in 2005 and Giannis [5] in 2006. Vinod s group employed 20-40 mol% of 2-iodobenzoic acid in a water-acetonitrile biphasic solvent system, in which primary and secondary alcohols were oxidized to carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively (Scheme 4.44) [4]. 

The ratio d of the diffusion coefficients of the inhibitor and the activator d = cio / r value very close to one. Typically a value ofd = 1.07 is chosen in simulations, which appears to represent a situation rather unfavorable for the formation of Turing patterns. This view is too simple, however it overlooks the role of starch in the reaction. As discussed in Sect. 1.4.9, the activator 1 reacts with iodine, I2, to form triiodide ion 13 , which gets trapped by the starch molecules embedded in the gel or by iodide-binding sites of the gel. (Polyacrylamide binds polyiodide ions even in the absence of starch as does poly(vinyl alcohol), used as a... 

Gram stain A differential stain that uses crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, and safranin to differentiate bacteria. Gram-positive bacteria stain dark purple Gram-negative ones stain pink/red. 

Iodine has different medical uses. The antiseptic tincture of iodine (3% iodine and 2.5% potassium iodide in alcohol) has been known since 1828. PVPI is a modern disinfectant with 1-3% iodine, bound in a complex way to polyvinylpyrroHdone. It is ap-pHed to the skin before surgical operations. Iodine is used as an alternative to chlorine for disinfection of drinking water. Even in such small concentrations as 1 ppm, iodine has a positive effect and is without the negative secondary effects characteristic of chlorine. 

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