Investment promotion

We sincerely thank the members of the Asia-Europe Environment Forum Steering Committee for their valuable input into the conceptualisation of the roundtable and identification of participants Mr Anders Granlund of Sida-SENSA Ms Natalie Pauwels of Environment Directorate-General of the European Commission (EC) Ms. Ella Antonio of Earth Council, Asia-Pacific Mr. Philippe Bergeron of the ASEAN Network for CDM Investment Promotion (ACE) Mr. Raman Letchumanan of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Secretariat and Mr. David Stanners of the European Environment Agency (EEA). 

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), based in Vienna, Austria, is the specialized agency responsible for the promotion and acceleration of industrialization in developing countries. Through technical co-operation, policy advice, investment promotion and technical support services, UNIDO assists both governments and the private sector in developing countries to strengthen their industrial base. 

Zheng, B.X Shu, F.F He, J. Zhangzhou Development Zone Investment Promotion Bureau of artificial island project (sea garden project) sediment test and calculation of waves. Journal of Xiamen the third Oceanography Research Institute, 2005. 

Transaction specific investments made by sellers stimulate cement long-term relationships with buyers. Such investments promote relational exchanges and increase the commitment between partners (Blau, 1964 Cook and Emerson, 1978). Guanxi network thus safeguard transactions by reduce the opportunistic behaviour (Standifird and Marshall, 2000). We then expect that the guanxi network has a positive impact on the wiUingness to invest in transaction specific investments. 

When gasoline-powered automobiles are modified to burn a fuel such as ethanol alone, they are known as dedicated ethanol vehicles—risky investments for buyers who have concerns about future availability. For example, Brazil s Proalcool program promoted and heavily subsidized ethanol, and thus dedicated ethanol vehicles, from 1975 to 1988. Once the subsidies were curtailed and then eliminated (estimates of the costs of the subsidy to the government range from 7 to 10 billion), shortages resulted. Many of the owners of ethanol-dedicated vehicles either had to junk or retrofit the vehicles to run on gasoline, and the sales of ethanol-dedicated vehicles went from 50 percent of the market in 1988 to 4 percent by mid-1990. 

Building codes play a role in supporting the welfare of the cotnniunity. They protect life, health and safety. They also protect the investment that has been made by bankers, insurance companies, businesses, and individuals. Finally, building codes promote economic development by protecting the value of the built enviroiinient. 

Urata H, Kinoshita A, Misono KS, Bumpus FM. Husain A Identification of a highly specific chy-mase as the major angiotensin Il-forming enzyme in the human heart. J Biol Chem 1990 265 22348. Silver RB, Reid AC, Mackins CJ, Askwith T, Schaefer U, Herzlinger D, Levi R Mast cells a unique source of renin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 13607. Mackins CJ, Kano S, Sevedi N, Schafer U, Reid AC, Machida T, Silver RB, Levi R Cardiac mast cell-derived renin promotes local angiotensin formation, norepinephrine release, and arrhythmias in ischemia/reperfusion. J Clin Invest 2006 116 1063. 

Loscalzo J, Vaughan DE. Tissue plasminogen activator promotes platelet disaggregation in plasma. J Clin Invest. 1987 79 1749-1755. 

Heinecke, J.W., Rosen, H. and Chait, A. (1984). Iron and copper promote modification of low density lipoprotein by human arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. J. Clin. Invest. 74, 1890-1894. 

F12. Flores, E. A., Bistrian, B. R., Pomposelli, J. J., Dinarello, C. A., Blackburn, G. L, and Istfan, N. W., Infusion of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin promotes muscle catabolism in the rat. A synergistic effect with interleukin l.J. Clin. Invest. 83, 1614-1622 (1989). 

The hydrogenation processes were performed at a relatively low temperature and pressure in the presence of promoted Raney Ni 2400 and Raney Co 2724 catalysts (13) in this study but any common nitrile hydrogenation catalysts (e.g. Fe, Ru, Rh, bulk or supported catalysts) could be used. The advantage of using a low temperature and pressure process is that it lowers the investment cost of an industrial process. Raney Ni 2400 is promoted with Cr and Raney Co 2724 is promoted with Ni and Cr. The particle sizes for both catalysts were in the range 25 - 55 pm. The BET surface area of Raney Ni 2400 and Raney Co 2724 are 140 m2/g and 76 m2/g, respectively, and the active surface area of the Ni and Co catalysts are 52 and 18 m2/g, respectively, based on CO chemisorption (Grace Davison Raney Technical Manual, 4th Edition, 1996). 

Pharmaceutical innovation has made a decisive contribution to the reduction of mortality and the improvement of quality of life. The role of patents in providing incentives for innovation has been crucial. Yet at the same time there are limitations that need to be overcome in the future. Here we will mention just two examples orphan drugs and parallel imports. Patents do not offer incentives to develop drugs for low-prevalence diseases, known as orphan drugs. Governments are sometimes faced with the option of public production, as the private sector does not invest in them. Yet these would be precisely the cases in which experiments would be conducted with new models for promoting innovation, as discussed in this chapter. 

In KH, Asano K, Beier D et al. Naturally occurring mutations in the human 5-lipoxygenase gene promoter that modify transcription factor binding and reporter gene transcription. J Clin Invest 1997 99 1130-1137. 

Fowler CB, Cunningham RE, Waybright TJ, et al. Elevated hydrostatic pressure promotes protein recovery from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue surrogates. Lab. Invest. 2008 88 185-195. 

Synthetic fuels may attract local government subsidies or sell at a premium because they offset imports and improve the country s balance of payments. Furthermore, strategic considerations related to energy security may play an important role in promoting investment in synthetic fuels production. 

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