Angiotensin formation

Urata H, Kinoshita A, Misono KS, Bumpus FM. Husain A Identification of a highly specific chy-mase as the major angiotensin Il-forming enzyme in the human heart. J Biol Chem 1990 265 22348. Silver RB, Reid AC, Mackins CJ, Askwith T, Schaefer U, Herzlinger D, Levi R Mast cells a unique source of renin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004 101 13607. Mackins CJ, Kano S, Sevedi N, Schafer U, Reid AC, Machida T, Silver RB, Levi R Cardiac mast cell-derived renin promotes local angiotensin formation, norepinephrine release, and arrhythmias in ischemia/reperfusion. J Clin Invest 2006 116 1063. 

There is another system involved in blood pressure regulation the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (Fig. 2). The arterial blood pressure in the kidney influences intrarenal baroreceptors which together with the sodium load at the macula densa lead to renin liberation, angiotensin formation and aldosterone secretion, which by influencing the sodium balance changes the blood volume and influences the arterial blood pressure. 

Hilgers, K. F., Veelken, R., Muller, D. N., et al. 2001. Renin uptake by the endothelium mediates vascular angiotensin formation. Hypertension 38 243-248. 

Laragh, Newton and Sealey [310] have drawn attention to the occasional induction of hypertension by oral contraceptive medication in susceptible individuals. Increases in plasma renin and aldosterone were observed, together with a striking increase in plasma angiotensinogen. There was a marked enhancement of angiotensin formation upon addition of a fixed amount of endogenous renin to the plasma. 

Glucocorticoids have been shown to inhibit gene transcription of other proteins involved in the inflammatory process, including the key inflammation mediators called cytokines (IL-1, IL3—6, IL8, GM-CSF, TNFa) (10,58,63—65). Steroids have been also shown to suppress the formation of cytokine receptors (10) dexamethasone, in particular, downregulates gene transcription of angiotensin II type 2 receptors (66). 

In 2004, Alterman et al. apphed their cyanation protocol to the synthesis of N-(t-butyl)-3-(4-cyanobenzyl)-5-isobutylthiophene-2-sulfonamide [61]. Deprotection of the sulfonamide followed by carbamate formation via reaction with butyl chloroformate finally gave the target compoimd for biological evaluation as a selective angiotensin 11 AT2 receptor agonist (Scheme 65). The cyano derivative, however, showed only a low affinity for the AT2 receptor (Ki value >10 p,M). 

Figure 38-7. Activation of elF-4E by insulin and formation of the cap binding elF-4F complex. The 4F-cap mRNA complex is depicted as in Figure 38-6. The 4F complex consists of elF-4E (4E), elF-4A, and elF-4G. 4E is inactive when bound by one ofa family of binding proteins (4E-BPs). Insulin and mitogenic factors (eg, IGF-1, PDGF, interleukin-2, and angiotensin II) activate a serine protein kinase in the mTOR pathway, and this results in the phosphorylation of 4E-BP. Phosphorylated 4E-BP dissociates from 4E, and the latter is then able to form the 4F complex and bind to the mRNA cap. These growth peptides also phosphorylate 4E itself by activating a component of the MAP kinase pathway. Phosphorylated 4E binds much more avidly to the cap than does nonphosphorylated 4E.

Figure 42-14. Formation and metabolism of angiotensins. Small arrows indicate cieavage sites.

Angiotensin II is a neurohormone produced primarily in the kidney. It is a potent vasoconstrictor and stimulates the production of aldosterone. Together, angiotensin II and aldosterone increase blood pressure and sodium and water retention (increasing ventricular wall tension), cause endothelial dysfunction, promote blood clot formation, and cause myocardial fibrosis. 

JD Johnson, JC Garrison. (1987). Epidermal growth factor and angiotensin II stimulates formation of inositol 1,4,5 and inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate in hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 262 17285-17293. 

Angiotensin II (Ag II) is a potent stimulus for the secretion of aldosterone. The formation of Ag II occurs by the following process ... 

Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction by direct stimulation of ATj receptors on the vascular smooth muscle. It also enhances release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine from the sympathetic nerve fibers present in the blood vessels. The vasopressor effects of Ag II may be inhibited pharmacologically in order to decrease TPR and treat hypertension. An important class of orally active drugs is the ACE inhibitors, including captopril and enalopril, which prevent formation of Ag II. More recently, angiotensin receptor antagonists have been developed that act at the vascular smooth muscle. These drugs, which include losartin and valsartan, are also orally active. 

Formation of angiotensin II requires the release of renin from the granular cells. Therefore, the factors affecting renin release must be considered ... 

The macula densa, which is involved in tubuloglomerular feedback, is also a factor in the regulation of renin secretion. In fact, this mechanism involving the macula densa is thought to be important in the maintenance of arterial blood pressure under conditions of decreased blood volume. For example, a decrease in blood volume leads to a decrease in RBF, GFR, and filtrate flow through the distal tubule. The resulting decrease in the delivery of NaCl to the macula densa stimulates the secretion of renin. Increased formation of angiotensin II serves to increase MAP and maintain blood flow to the tissues. 

Angiotensin II directly inhibits the secretion of renin from the granular cells. This negative feedback mechanism enables angiotensin II to limit its own formation. 

Sympathetic stimulation of adrenergic receptors on the granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus promotes secretion of renin and, consequently, formation of angiotensin II. Angiotensin II then causes ... 

It has been found that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG CoA) inhibitors statins (atorvastatin, pravastatin, and cerivastatin), widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering agents, are able to inhibit phorbol ester-stimulated superoxide formation in endothelial-intact segments of the rat aorta [64] and suppress angiotensin II-mediated free radical production [65]. Delbose et al. [66] found that statins inhibited NADPH oxidase-catalyzed PMA-induced superoxide production by monocytes. It was suggested that statins can prevent or limit the involvement of superoxide in the development of atherosclerosis. It is important that statin... 

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