Investigation experimental installations

To validate models based on transfer equations or stochastic models and, especially, to develop a coherent and planned experimental investigation of the studied process, the researcher has to imagine and build up a reduced scale experimental installation (laboratory device or model, LM). The goal using this reduced scale pilot plant is to obtain the experimental data necessary to validate the models. 

In detail the investigations using this method are described by Wang et al. [100]. The experimental installation is similar to that presented in Fig. 2. Additionally it includes a gamma-ray emitting and detecting system, presented in Fig. 12, mounted around the colunm on the investigation plane. 

Experiments reported by Harris and Wickens (1989) deserve special attention. They modified the experimental apparatus described in Section 4.1.1—a 45 m long, open-sided apparatus. The first 9 m of the apparatus was modified by the fitting of solid walls to its top and sides in order to produce a confined region. Thus, it was possible to investigate whether a flame already propagating at high speed could be further accelerated in unconfined parts of the apparatus, where obstacles of pipework were installed. The initial flame speed in the unconfined parts of the apparatus could be modified by introduction of obstacles in the confined part. 

With annually increasing volumes of various fossil fuels to be handled and/or transported an interest arises in the new economical and operationally safe kinds of transport, including the pipeline one. Preliminary investigation has shown that application of a special kind of pipeline installations can be very useful for solving the problem to supply different countries by fossil fuels from distant finding place [1,2]. The hydraulic, pneumatic and capsules pipeline transport systems may be successfully used to solve this task in the near future. Of course, the state of knowledge in the field of pipeline transport requires applying also experimental research beside a numerical... 

There are several manufacturers of either radioactive lightning or lightning dissipation systems. The predominant scientific belief, however, is that neither of these systems are any benefit over the conventional lightning protection system. Extensive studies have been performed recently on dissipation arrays which only serve to enhance what scientists dating back to Franklin over 200 years ago have said namely, that these arrays do no more than a conventional lightning rod and indeed probably do less. These studies have examined the historical, theoretical and experimental aspects of the arrays and have also investigated the arrays on site at several installations. 

This cycle of investigations was carried out using experimental pilot facilities installed at the seaside power station on Sakhalin Island (Russia). R. K. and D. M. were actively involved in these studies. 

Figure 49 shows a recent experimental device, developed by Schubert, which uses the principle of Figure 45(f). The force is created by water which flows slowly into a container (1) from a reservoir (2). In this apparatus two tests can be carried out on the same sample and, if moist agglomerates are investigated, the capillary pressure can be measured simultaneously by means of a U-tube manometer (3). Penetration of powder into the manometer is prevented by a suitable filter (4). Since the equilibrium capillary pressure develops only after a certain period of time, the system can be covered with a plate (5) to avoid evaporation of the liquid. The apparatus has been further perfected by installation of very sensitive inductive linear transducers (7) after fixation of one side with a set screw (6) the expansion in the sample near the predetermined failure plane can be measured prior to the break. 

These criteria are used for designing and upgrading nuclear industry facilities. Unfortunately the complicated work to estimate the frequency values of various accidents (and their possible consequences), especially for severe accidents for all the facilities of nuclear industry, has not yet been finished. So far, these estimates have been initiated and completed only for separate nuclear installations. Some time ago, many estimations of this type were based on the deterministic approach. In order to predict risk, it is necessary to solve a number of both theoretical and experimental problems. Investigations performed in the NSD, IPPE, on nuclear... 

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SAFE MANUFACTURE The main hazard which could arise in this process is the decomposition of the reaction product. The experimental investigation has shown that this will not occur at normal process temperatures but could occur if the batch was overheated. Even though no decomposition of the reaction product was detected in the adiabatic test at 140°C, the increase in temperature needed to initiate selfacceleration is relatively small and this possibility cannot be excluded. The options for safe manufacture include the design and installation of a suitable emergency relief and disposal system or the fitting of alarms and trips to ensure that overheating does not occur. 

---