Induction sensitized

The ion pairing between the enolate of 5 and the catalyst should make the asymmetric induction sensitive to the electronic effects of substituents on the N-benzyl group. A Hammett plot of log ee/eeQ vs the substituent constant o of the para N-benzyl substituted catalysts (R = CH3O, CH3 H, F, Cl, CF3) gave a reaction constant of p - 0.21 + 0.02 with ee s in the range of 60% to 92% demonstrating that substituents with increasing... 

Induction (sensitization) requires a sufficient or cumulative exposure dose of the sensitizing agent to induce immune responses that cause no obvious symptoms. 

Silkworth JB, Koganti A, Illouz K, Possolo A, Zhao M, Hamilton SB. Comparison of TCDD and PCB CYP1A induction sensitivities in fresh hepatocytes from human donors, sprague-dawley rats, and rhesus monkeys and HepG2 cells. Toxicol Sci 2005 87 508-19. 

In contrast to a direct injection of dc or ac currents in the sample to be tested, the induction of eddy currents by an external excitation coil generates a locally limited current distribution. Since no electrical connection to the sample is required, eddy current NDE is easier to use from a practical point of view, however, the choice of the optimum measurement parameters, like e.g. the excitation frequency, is more critical. Furthermore, the calculation of the current flow in the sample from the measured field distribution tends to be more difficult than in case of a direct current injection. A homogenous field distribution produced by e.g. direct current injection or a sheet inducer [1] allows one to estimate more easily the defect geometry. However, for the detection of technically relevant cracks, these methods do not seem to be easily applicable and sensitive enough, especially in the case of deep lying and small cracks. 

During many years in Scientific Research Institutes of Nuclear Physics and Introscopy at Tomsk Polytechnical University (TPU) researches into induction electron accelerators and their uses for non-destructive radiation quality control of materials and articles have been conducted. Control sensitivity and efficiency detection experimental researches have been conducted with the high-current stereo-betatron modifications [1], and KBC-25 M and BC-50 high-current betatrons [2,3] in range of 11 MeV and 25-50 MeV radiation energy. 

Gold is a useflil caUbration standard for this method (see Radioactive tracers). Whereas similar sensitivities can be achieved by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (qv), the latter requires more extensive sample preparation to overcome interference by other metals such as copper (64). 

Pig. 3. Representation of promoter sites on the pro-enkephalin gene. The numbers represent the distance in nucleotides from the pro-enkephalin initiation codon the arrow indicates the direction of transcription. The TATA promoter box occurs immediately before the pro-enkephalin initiation site the AP-2 site, which binds immediate-early gene products, is 70 nucleotides upstream, and the CRE site, which binds a regulatory protein involved in cAMP induction of mRNA synthesis, is 107 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon. The expanded section shows that the CRE site actually consists of two elements, ENKCRE-1 and ENKCRE-2, which separately confer cAMP sensitivity to pro-enkephalin mRNA synthesis. 

Aluminum is best detected quaUtatively by optical emission spectroscopy. SoHds can be vaporized direcdy in a d-c arc and solutions can be dried on a carbon electrode. Alternatively, aluminum can be detected by plasma emission spectroscopy using an inductively coupled argon plasma or a d-c plasma. Atomic absorption using an aluminum hoUow cathode lamp is also an unambiguous and sensitive quaUtative method for determining alurninum. 

A critical step in radioprotection involves the IL-1 receptors. Monoclonal antibodies to the type 1 IL-1 receptor block IL-l-induced radioprotection (167). Although this receptor is not present on BM cells, it is present on fibroblasts, which suggests that the effects of IL-1 on stem cells maybe largely indirect and mediated by stromal cell activation (168). Anti-IL-1 receptor (type 1) also sensitizes normal mice to the effects of TBI, which suggests that endogenous IL-1 has an intrinsic radioprotective role. IL-6 induction by IL-1, but not CSF levels, is inhibited, which supports the concept that G-CSF and GM-CSF are insufficient by themselves at radioprotecting stem cells and indicates a contributory role for IL-6. Anti-IL-6 antibody blocks IL-1 and TNF-induced radioprotection and also decreases the intrinsic radioresistance of mice, as does anti-TNF- a (169). 

The classical wet-chemical quaUtative identification of chromium is accompHshed by the intense red-violet color that develops when aqueous Cr(VI) reacts with (5)-diphenylcarba2ide under acidic conditions (95). This test is sensitive to 0.003 ppm Cr, and the reagent is also useful for quantitative analysis of trace quantities of Cr (96). Instmmental quaUtative identification is possible using inductively coupled argon plasma—atomic emission spectroscopy... 

Process-flow control and buffer-gas control have been discussed under Variable Nozzles and Buffer-Gas System respectively. Speed is usually self-controlled by a matching speed-sensitive load such as a compressor or a pump. If the load is an induction or svn-chronous generator feeding into a stable ac system, the system frequency fixes the speed. Otherwise, the speed can be controlled by a conventional governor. 

The very low Hg concentration levels in ice core of remote glaciers require an ultra-sensitive analytical technique as well as a contamination-free sample preparation methodology. The potential of two analytical techniques for Hg determination - cold vapour inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CV ICP-SFMS) and atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) with gold amalgamation was studied. 

The most common detectors in HPLC are ultraviolet, fluorescence, electrochemical detector and diffractometer. However, despite all improvements of these techniques it seems necessary to have a more selectivity and sensitivity detector for the purposes of the medical analysis. It should be therefore improvements to couple analytical techniques like infrared IR, MS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), inductively coupled plasma-MS (ICP-MS) or biospecific detectors to the LC-system and many efforts have been made in this field. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical (ICP-optical) methods and ICPMS are extremely sensitive elemental survey techniques that also are described in this volume. ICP methods, however, require a solution for analysis, so that the direct... 

The intrinsic drawback of LIBS is a short duration (less than a few hundreds microseconds) and strongly non-stationary conditions of a laser plume. Much higher sensitivity has been realized by transport of the ablated material into secondary atomic reservoirs such as a microwave-induced plasma (MIP) or an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Owing to the much longer residence time of ablated atoms and ions in a stationary MIP (typically several ms compared with at most a hundred microseconds in a laser plume) and because of additional excitation of the radiating upper levels in the low pressure plasma, the line intensities of atoms and ions are greatly enhanced. Because of these factors the DLs of LA-MIP have been improved by one to two orders of magnitude compared with LIBS. 

Here the oi term includes the field and inductive effects, a describes the intrinsic delocalized resonance when the electron demand by the active site is negligible, and CTe describes the sensitivity of the substrate in responding to electron demand by the active site. 

Less sensitive to bearing wear or misalignment than induction motor. 

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