Invention standard

In the 1920s, when expatriate Americans overran Paris, Americans drank cocktails, and Parisian bartenders at places like Harry s New York Bar or die bar at the Ritz Paris served diem. They invented standards like the bloody mary and the sidecar. And most of die most popular drinks took die transatlantic trip back. 

From the original Patent Act of 1790, more than 150 years of American patent law jurisprudence passed before a congressional act codified an inventiveness standard that required more than novelty and utility.1 Known officially as the 1952 Patent Act... 

Even in countries which are not signatories to either the PCT or various regional conventions provided around the world, patent appHcation examination generally foUows a fairly standard pattern. After the first national, home appHcation is filed, subsequent apphcations may then be filed in other countries, within the 12-month time period if such a grace period is provided. If this grace period is not provided, the patent appHcation(s) which are to be filed in non-Paris Convention Countries have to be filed before any event occurs that may destroy the novelty of the invention. Eurther, under U.S. 

Patent laws provide for several stages in the life of an application for a patent on an invention. The pattern followed by patent laws in effect in most industrialized countries during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and still in effect in the United States in 1995, calls for the examination of all patent appHcations to certify that the claimed invention meets the national standards for novelty, usehilness, and inventiveness. The owner of the technology to be patented files appHcation papers that include a specification containing a description of the invention to be patented (called the disclosure) and claims defining the limits of the invention to be protected by the patent, a formal request for the issuance of a patent, and fees. Drawings of devices and apparatuses, electrical circuits, flow charts, etc, are an important part of the disclosures of most nonchemical and many chemical patents. 

Specialty Elastomers. Polychloroprene and polysulfide mbber were the first synthetic specialty elastomers discovered. Since theh invention in the 1930s the total number of classes of synthetic mbbers has grown to almost 30. The foUowing lists standard acronyms by the International Synthetic Rubber Producers (IISRP) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) for several specialty elastomers. 

The semiconductor industry would have been impossible had not the process of zone refining been invented first. It is the standard way of producing ultrapure materials, both for research and for making silicon and germanium-based devices. 

When you pour boiling water into a cold bottle and discover that the bottom drops out with a smart pop, you have re-invented the standard test for thermal shock resistance. Fracture caused by sudden changes in temperature is a problem with ceramics. But while some (like ordinary glass) will only take a temperature "shock" of 80°C before they break, others (like silicon nitride) will stand a sudden change of 500°C, and this is enough to fit them for use in environments as violent as an internal combustion engine. 

Plunger-type colorimeters. The plunger-type of colorimeter with two halves of the field of view illuminated by the light passing through the unknown and standard solutions respectively was invented by J. Duboscq of Paris in 1854. Various improved modifications of the instrument were subsequently developed by manufacturers of optical apparatus. 

Popular tastes have changed the standard manhattan, invented in the late nineteenth century, into a bourbon drink, most bartenders agree, with sweet vermouth and a maraschino cherry or twist of lemon. 

The invention of the telescope arguably constitutes an essential milestone in the history of science. Galileo s turning to the sky an instrument - a very modest one by today s standard- would not only change radically our understanding of the universe, it would eventually shatter the foundations of science, philosophy, and faith. 

The invention of the thermometer is generally credited to Galileo. His instrument, built near the end of the sixteenth century, relied on the expansion of air with an increase of heat. Traditional liquid-in-glass thermometers were devised in the 1630s and are standard equipment today in research settings, medical practice, and meteorological measurement. 

CD-R was something of a surprise invention as, in the late 1980s, most of the major manufacturers in the optical memory area were commercializing the non-standard and relatively expensive WORM media, while focusing their research and development efforts on erasable optical storage. It was also believed that a writeable CD-Audio/CD-ROM-compatible medium was not feasible, due to the high reflectivity needed to meet the CD standard as defined by the Red and Orange Books.196... 

Invented and developed independently in the late 1950s by D.G. Stewart in the Distillers Company, and R. Grasselli in Standard Oil of Ohio. The former used a tin/antimony oxide catalyst the latter bismuth phosphomolybdate on silica. Today, a proprietary catalyst containing depleted uranium is used. See also Erdolchemie, OSW, Sohio. 

Burton The first commercial process for thermally cracking heavy petroleum fractions to obtain gasoline. Invented in 1912 by W. M. Burton at Standard Oil (Indiana) and operated commercially from 1913 through the 1920s. See also Dubbs. 

There also exist many standards on safety that document the experience and define standard procedure for many recurring and similar situations. They generally conform to local and national regulations as well as to the standard practices of major engineering societies (Koivisto, 1996). Difficulties in the use of standards are e.g. their limited number and their very nature which is commonly accepted established experience. Obviously new inventions cannot immediately meet these standards. Problems also arise when undue reliance and unreasonable expectations have been created regarding safety standards. 

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