Introduction to Practical and Industrial Applications

The extremely active academical and industrial research focused on the use of biodegradable polymers for agricultural applications has induced the introduction of several products to the market. These products based on biodegradable materials are supposed to be applied as mulching films, green houses sheets, laminates, and containers in agricultural practices and for application such as soil structurization and controlled release of chemicals such as fertilizers and herbicides. 

Product design with plastics, A practical manual , Joseph B. Dyn Industrial Press Inc. (1983) ISBN 0831111410. A classic, applied, practical plastic design book. Topics covered include (1) introduction to the application of plastics, (2) description and derivation of short term and long term properties, (3) polymer formation, variation, and characteristics, (4) product design features, (5) designing the plastic product, (6) joining... 

High purity platinum wire is used in resistance thermometers because the temperature coefficient of resistance of pure platinum is linear over a wide temperature range. The platinum resistance thermometer is the recognized instrument for the interpolation of the international practical temperature scale from—259.35 to 630.74°C. Whereas such precision measurements require very high purity platinum, for most routine industrial measurements lower purity metal can be tolerated. Conventional wire-wound devices are quite fragile and this disadvantage has led to the introduction of printed resistance thermometers, which are cheap to produce and much more durable. They can be used as an inexpensive replacement for thermocouple applications in intermediate temperature applications. 

A number of reviews can be consulted for an introduction to the fundamentals both theoretical and practical covering XPS. These include Riggs and Parker (2) and the book by Carlson (3). Electron spectroscopy is reviewed in alternate years in the Fundamental Reviews issue of Analytical Chemistry. The last literature review was published in 1980 (4) and this and previous reviews can be consulted for a coverage of all aspects of the literature of XPS. A number of recent symposia have been held on applications of surface analytical methods in various aspects of materials science such as the symposium on characterization of molecular structures of polymers by photon, electron, and ion probes at the March 1980 American Chemical Society meetings in Houston ( 5) and the International Symposium on Physiochemical Aspects of Polymer Surfaces at this meeting as well as the symposium on industrial applications of surface analysis of which this article is a part. Review articles on various applications of XPS in materials science are listed in Table I. 

This book provides an introduction to the colloid and interface science of three of the most common types of colloidal dispersion emulsions, foams, and suspensions. The initial emphasis covers basic concepts important to the understanding of most kinds of colloidal dispersions, not just emulsions, foams, and suspensions, and is aimed at providing the necessary framework for understanding the applications. The treatment is integrated for each major physical property class the principles of colloid and interface science common to each dispersion type are presented first, followed as needed by separate treatments of features unique to emulsions, foams, or suspensions. The second half of the book provides examples of the applications of colloid science, again in the context of emulsions, foams, and suspensions, and includes attention to practical processes and problems in various industrial settings. 

JMULSIONS CAN BE FOUND IN ALMOST EVERY PART of the petroleum production and recovery process in reservoirs, produced at wellheads, in many parts of the refining process, and in transportation pipelines. In each case the presence and nature of emulsions can determine both the economic and technical successes of the industrial process concerned. This book is intended to provide an introduction to the nature, occurrence, handling, formation, and breaking of petroleum emulsions. The primary focus is on the applications of the principles and includes attention to practical emulsion problems. 

Although the aim of the book is to provide an introduction to the field, it does so in a very applications-oriented manner. Thus, the focus of the book is practical rather than theoretical. In a systematic progression, beginning with the fundamental principles of petroleum emulsions, the reader is soon introduced to characterization techniques and fiow properties, and finally to industrial practice. Chapters 1-4 present the fundamental concepts and properties involved in emulsions within the context of their occurrence in the petroleum industry. Chapter 1 sets out the basic foundation for all subsequent chapters. Selected areas of special importance are then expanded in Chapter 2 on emulsion stability. Chapter 3 on characterization techniques, and Chapter 4 on rheological properties. All of these use petroleum emulsion examples for illustration, and in most cases cover the latest useful techniques available. 

The audience for this book should include graduate students, practicing chemists, and Raman spectroscopists who seek information on recent instrumentation developments. It is not a comprehensive review but more of a textbook intended as an introduction to modern Raman spectroscopy. In most cases, the techniques discussed are available in commercially available spectrometers, and the book should be useful to chemists who are implementing Raman spectroscopy in industrial or academic laboratories. Although a large number of useful Raman applications involve custom-built instrumentation, the book emphasizes configurations and components used by current vendors of integrated Raman spectrometers. 

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