Intrinsic definition

Do not confuse the use of a component with the definition of the component. One component may be shared between the implementations of several others. In each use, there may be particular restrictions or simplifications that apply these are not part of the intrinsic definition of the shared part. Use packages to distinguish these. 

The cationic peptide family includes both synthetic and naturally derived peptides, all of which have been successfully employed for both in vitro and in vivo delivery of a variety of macromolecules (Table 13.1). The prototypic example of a naturally derived cationic peptide is the Tat PTD, described above. Other examples include the pVEC peptide, which has been successfully used for both protein and oligonucleotide delivery,40 as well as a series of small, RNA-binding peptides discovered by Futaki and colleagues.20 The Penetratin vector is also included in this group. The inclusion of Tat and Penetratin in the cationic peptide group arises from the intrinsic definition of these peptides. In general, the cationic delivery peptides... 

We could define all projective varieties by this kind of scissors and glue method, but there is a more intrinsic definition. 

Definitive examples of intrinsic non-RRKM dynamics for molecules excited near their unimolecular tluesholds are rather limited. Calculations have shown that intrinsic non-RRKM dynamics becomes more pronounced at very high energies, where the RRKM lifetime becomes very short and dissociation begins to compete with IVR [119]. There is a need for establishing quantitative theories (i.e. not calculations) for identifying which molecules and energies lead to intrinsic non-RRKM dynamics. For example, at thenual... 

Thickness. The traditional definition of thermal conductivity as an intrinsic property of a material where conduction is the only mode of heat transmission is not appHcable to low density materials. Although radiation between parallel surfaces is independent of distance, the measurement of X where radiation is significant requires the introduction of an additional variable, thickness. The thickness effect is observed in materials of low density at ambient temperatures and in materials of higher density at elevated temperatures. It depends on the radiation permeance of the materials, which in turn is influenced by the absorption coefficient and the density. For a cellular plastic material having a density on the order of 10 kg/m, the difference between a 25 and 100 mm thick specimen ranges from 12—15%. This reduces to less than 4% for a density of 48 kg/m. References 23—27 discuss the issue of thickness in more detail. 

Figure 10 shows that Tj is a unique function of the Thiele modulus. When the modulus ( ) is small (- SdSl), the effectiveness factor is unity, which means that there is no effect of mass transport on the rate of the catalytic reaction. When ( ) is greater than about 1, the effectiveness factor is less than unity and the reaction rate is influenced by mass transport in the pores. When the modulus is large (- 10), the effectiveness factor is inversely proportional to the modulus, and the reaction rate (eq. 19) is proportional to k ( ), which, from the definition of ( ), implies that the rate and the observed reaction rate constant are proportional to (1 /R)(f9This result shows that both the rate constant, ie, a measure of the intrinsic activity of the catalyst, and the effective diffusion coefficient, ie, a measure of the resistance to transport of the reactant offered by the pore stmcture, influence the rate. It is not appropriate to say that the reaction is diffusion controlled it depends on both the diffusion and the chemical kinetics. In contrast, as shown by equation 3, a reaction in solution can be diffusion controlled, depending on D but not on k. 

The van der Waals and other non-covalent interactions are universally present in any adhesive bond, and the contribution of these forces is quantified in terms of two material properties, namely, the surface and interfacial energies. The surface and interfacial energies are macroscopic intrinsic material properties. The surface energy of a material, y, is the energy required to create a unit area of the surface of a material in a thermodynamically reversible manner. As per the definition of Dupre [14], the surface and interfacial properties determine the intrinsic or thermodynamic work of adhesion, W, of an interface. For two identical surfaces in contact ... 

What do we mean when we speak of an inherently safer chemical process Inherent has been defined as existing in something as a permanent and inseparable element, quality, or attribute (American College Dictionary, 1967). A chemical manufacturing process is inherently safer if it reduces or eliminates the hazards associated with materials and operations used in the process, and this reduction or elimination is permanent and inseparable. To appreciate this definition fully, it is essential to understand the precise meaning of the word hazard. A hazard is defined as a physical or chemical characteristic that has the potential for causing harm to people, the environment, or property (adapted from CCPS, 1992). The key to this definition is that the hazard is intrinsic to the material, or to its conditions of storage or use. Some specific examples of hazards include ... 

Frieden s theory is that any physical measurement induces a transformation of Fisher information J I connecting the phenomenon being measured to intrinsic data. What we call physics - i.e. our objective description of phenomenologically observed behavior - thus derives from the Extreme Physical Information (EPI) principle, which is a variational principle. EPI asserts that, if we define K = I — J as the net physical information, K is an extremum. If one accepts this EPI principle as the foundation, the status of a Lagrangian is immediately elevated from that of a largely ad-hoc construction that yields a desired differential equation to a measure of physical information density that has a definite prior significance. 

Definition of Intrinsic Energy.—Let there be given any system of bodies, and let the system undergo any change whatever, so that it passes from a given initial state [1] to a final state [2], the only condition imposed on the states [1] and [2] being that they shall be consistent with the physical properties of the system. 

The actual state, and absolute amount, of intrinsic energy existing in a body, or system of bodies, are things which lie quite outside the range of pure thermodynamics. This indefiniteness has, however, not the slightest influence on the stringency of the definition, since we can proceed as in the definition of electrostatic potential, and choose any convenient standard state of the body, and use the term intrinsic energy with reference to this standard state. 

It will be observed that the definition of intrinsic energy by means of the equation (c) implies in itself no physical law, since the value of (U2—Ui) can always be chosen so as to make the values of 2Q and 2A satisfy the equation. We shall now show that the value of (U2 — Ui) is uniquely so defined, and is quite independent of the way in which the process is executed. This is a physical law, which we shall call the Principle of Conservation of Energy. 

There are no universally accepted definitions of bulk, fine, and specialty chemicals, nor are these classifications based on any intrinsic properties. For example, a substance that is currently viewed as a bulk chemical may well have been classified as a fine chemical at an earlier stage in its development. 

The E-state indices are atomic descriptors composed of an intrinsic state value I and a perturbation AI that measures the interactions with all other atoms in a molecule. The Kier-Hall electronegativity is the starting point in the definition of the intrinsic state of an atom, which encodes its potential for electronic interactions and its connectivity with adjacent atoms. The intrinsic state of an atom i is [19, 21] ... 

There are other soUd states which sometimes confuse the measurement and definition of solubiUty. The dmg may crystaUize as a hydrate, i.e. under inclusion of water molecules. If the hydrate form is more stable than the pure form it may be difficult to measure the intrinsic solubility of the drug at all. Often drugs tend to precipitate in an amorphous form, often under the inclusion of impurities. As with metastable polymorphs, such amorphous precipitates may lead to erroneously high solubility measurements. CommerciaUy, drugs are often crystallized in salt form, e.g. as the hydrochloride salt, a cation with a chloride anion. In these co-crystallized salts, a much lower solubility than the intrinsic solubility will typi-... 

In the above relationship p is an intrinsic property called the specific resistance (or resistivity) of the conductor. The definition of the specific resistance of any given conductor follows from this relationship. It is the resistance in ohms of a specimen of the material, 1 cm long and 1 cm2 in cross-sectional area (units ohm cm-1), the length being in the direction of the current and the cross-section normal to it. In other words, the specific resistance p of a conductor is the resistance of a cube of 1 centimeter edge. If the conductance is denoted by C = 1 /R, then the specific conductance (or conductivity) K, is given by JC= 1/a (units ohm-1 cm-1, mho cm-1, reciprocal ohm cm-1). Therefore, the relationship R = aL/A may be written as R = L/KA (units ohms) and the conductance can be expressed as C = 1/R = KA/l (units reciprocal ohms). 

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