Route of administration intravenous

In this section the intraperitoneal route of liposome administration will be discussed. For a number of diseases this route of administration may be preferred over the intravenous route of administration of liposomes. For example, intraperitoneal injection of drug-... 

In comparison with the intravenous route of administration the potential advantages of intraperitoneal therapy are the avoidance of high toxic drug plasma levels and an increased (local) exposure of tumors (cells) to anticancer drugs. Whether this increased exposure... 

Etomidate Inhibits 1 7, 20-lyase, 6 g/day Limited clinical hypokalemia, edema, hypertension. Injection-site pain, aminoglutethimide if used in combination. Intravenous route of administration... 

The intravenous route of administration was usually used for testing these compounds in animals. Because they are insoluble in aqueous solvents, they were dissolved in small amounts of alcohol or emulsified with an oil-lecithin mixture or polyethylene glycol. 

The most extensive experiments at Edgewood were done In 1963-1966 with DMHP acetate. Approximately 100 volunteers were given doses of a DMHP acetate racemic mixture during this period. Oral, Intramuscular, and Intravenous routes of administration were used. Oral doses ranged from 3 to about 60 vg/kg. Intravenous doses ranged from 0.5 ug/kg to (In a few subjects) 5 pg/kg. Intramuscular doses were between 0.5 and 5 yg/kg, Most subjects received only one drug exposure, and a few had multiple exposures, but rarely more than two. 

Route of administration Oncaspar is intended for intramuscular or intravenous administration only. The preferred route of administration, however, is the intramuscular route because of the lower incidence of toxicity compared to the intravenous route of administration. 

EXTENSIONS AND COMMENTARY This quotation is from a paper by Martin and Sloan, published almost thirty years ago, that stands as our only measure of the human response to tryptamine. The first of the two reports in the comments took place 5 years earlier, with depressed patients and at very low levels of drug administration. It had already been established in rat and dog studies that tryptamine was known to enter the brain but, due to rapid metabolism, had only a short duration of central activity. Hence, the researchers in both these studies chose to employ an intravenous route of administration. There are a number of valuable points to be made in this latter report describing the 250 mg. study. 

By intravenous route of administration, SNC80 and ( + )BW373U86 (SNC86) appeared very similar. Both compounds produced convulsions and... 

A more relevant study for biopharmaceuticals is the repeat-dose study where exaggerated clinical doses are given to an animal model using the intended clinical route of administration. For most biopharmaceuticals this is the intravenous route of administration. Interesting exceptions are Lucentis and Pulmozyme , given intraocularly and by inhalation, respectively, in the pivotal repeat-dose studies. 

AVE 3559 was developed for the treatment of obe-sitas. It was 14C-labeled and investigated in a dog radiokinetic study to determine the time course of radioactivity concentrations in blood/plasma and to determine the pattern and rate of excretion, the residual concentrations at the end of the study 168 h after administration and the mass balance following oral and intravenous route of administration. 

For the oral route of administration the dose was selected according to the experience from the FIM study, where this dose was safe and well tolerated and was in the dose-proportional range. The dose for the intravenous route of administration was adjusted according to the results from animal bioavailability studies where the absolute bioavailability was in the range of 50%. 

The intravenous route of administration is nearly instantaneously absorbed. The intramuscular route of administration has slower absorption depending on the amount of blood vessels at the injection site. Subcutaneous tissue injection sites have a slower absorption rate than muscles. Exercise slows absorption because circulation is diverted from the stomach to other areas of the body... 

At the end of the study, the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the drug would be evaluated, and the systemic exposure for each dosage regimen compared with the intravenous route of administration. 

Intramuscular absorption is 100%, but variable depending on the site of injection (absorption 1/2 12 and 26 min from deltoid and gluteus sites, respectively). For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is preferred. ... 

Data generated following i.v. doses of R-ibuprofen to humans provides strong evidence suggesting systemic inversion of ibuprofen from R to S, as no significant differences were noticed between oral and intravenous routes of administration in healthy subjects [104]. However, solutions of R-ibuprofen were administered in this study, whieh may be absorbed so rapidly that a negligible amount of the dose may eontact the... 

Acute toxicity data for experimental animals exposed to CK by inhalation are presented in Table 32. For the intravenous route of administration, LD50... 

Exposure to toxic chemicals by injection does not occur frequently in the chemical laboratory. However, it can occur inadvertently through mechanical injury from "sharps" such as glass or metal contaminated with chemicals or when chemicals are handled with syringes. The intravenous route of administration is especially dangwous because it introduces the toxicant directly into the bloodstream, eliminating the process of absorption. Nonlaboratory personnel, such as custodial workers or waste handla-s, must be protected from this form of exposure by putting aU "sharps" in special trash containers and never in the ordinary scrap baskets. Hypodermic needles with blunt ends are available for laboratory use. 

Although it has been claimed that repeated injections of BAL or cysteine, to 3 hr. after alloxan, reversed the diabetes (23), these studies are more difficult to interpret because they were carried out using the subcutaneous route for alloxan administration. In repeating these experiments using the intravenous route of administration, no significant reversal of the diabetes was observed (10). 

Oral and intravenous routes of administration for the treatment of systemic fungal infection using econazole were abandoned when it became apparent that econazole was readily metabolised to inactive compound. Consequently, the clinical uses of econazole have been restricted to topical application like those of clotrimazole and miconazole. 

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