International Biodegradable Materials

Separation of the material flows into two parts technical flow (including non-biodegradable materials) and nutrients flow (with organic and biodegradable materials) to facilitate internal recycling and reuse ... 

De Smet, D., Vanneste, M., 2012. Apphcation of biobased and biodegradable materials in textile coating. International Conference on Textile Coating and Laminating TCL2012,... 

Bengs, H., Bayer, U., Ditzinger, Krone, V., Lill, K., Sandow, J., and Walcj, A. (1996). Abstract of International Symposium on Biodegradable Materials, Hamburg, p. 79. 

Figure 4.5 Course of the concentration changes of nitrate in agricultural soil as it appeared during the degradation of six biodegradable materials. The values are presented as changes relative to the control experiments (control = ) The initial concentration was 648 mg NOs /kg dry matter. Adapted from J.I. Fritz, U. Link, C. Stacker and R. Braun in Proceedings of the International ORBIT Conference on Biodegradable Polymers, ORBIT, Wolfsburg, Germany, 2000 [71]...

Parallel to these regional or national initiatives, efforts were also made on a global level in order to develop truly international norms for biodegradable materials. A working group was created within the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to deal with biodegradable plastics and various test methods, which have subsequently been adopted as ISO standards. 

Schroeter, J. Biodegradable Materials A Status Report, Kunststoffe International (2000) 1, p 27 - 30... 

Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biodegradable Materials and Natural Fibre Composites in Agriculture and Horticulture, Hanover, Germany, 2002. 

During the last few years some national and international standards, such as DIN 54900 [1], ASTM D6002 1996 [2] and EN 13432 [3], have been published. The intended goal of them all is to provide producers and users as well as authorities with test schemes and quality criteria (pass levels) for biodegradable materials. The three standards are different in detail but have the same basic four-step test scheme ... 

Wang, Y., Sun, Z. and liu, W. (2003) Biodegradable materials from starch-grafted polymers. International Application, WO/2003/074604. PCT/ US03/05661. 

Kohn, J., and Langer, R., Non-peptide poly(amino acids) for biodegradable drug delivery systems, in Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials (N. A. Peppas and R. J. Haluska, eds.). Controlled Release Society, Lincolnshire, IL, 1985, pp. 51-52. 

Common biodegradable polymers for medical devices are constructed from synthetic linear aliphatic polyesters. One material commonly used for internal sutures is poly(glycolic acid) (PGA). PGA is synthesized from the dimer of glycolic acid (Fig. 13.1.l). 1... 

McCormick, C.L., D.K. Lichatowich, and M.M. Fooladi, "Controlled Activity Pendant Herbicide Systems Utilizing Chitin and Other Biodegradable Polymers," Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Controlled Release of Bioactive Materials, pp. 3.6-3.17, Gaithersburg, MD (1978). 

Jin M (2007) Biodegradable plastic PHA and their application. Paper presented at international conference on green materials and green Olympics, 27-28 October 2007, Beijing... 

To prove the ultimate biodegradability of a biodegradable polymer and that there is no adverse effect on the user or the environment, as well as to successfully market a plastic material as biodegradable, there are international standards in place according to which these materials can be certified. Both Ecoflex and Ecovio are certified worldwide as compostable and are approved for contact with food. 

MeGlashan, S. A, Halley, P. J. (2003). Preparation and characterization of biodegradable starch-based nanocomposite materials. Polymer International, 52, 1767-1773. 

Standard test methods for determining aerobic biodegradation of radiolabeled plastic materials in an aqueous or compost environment, ASTM Standard ASTM D 6340-98, ASTM International, West Con-shohocken, PA, 2007. 

Gu, J. D. (2003). Microbiological deterioration and degradation of synthetic polymeric materials recent research advances. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 52, 69-91. 

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