Internal excellence

Essence of the stage Purchasing and logistics Internal excellence Network building Leadership in the sector... 

Based on the criteria for assessing the supply chain maturity level proposed in Poirier s model, it may be concluded that most respondents are at the first stage of development. This does not change the fact that an increasing number of companies undertake initiatives extending beyond internal excellence and integrate processes in the entire supply chain. 

Sourcing and Logistics 2. Internal Excellence 3. Network Construction 4. Industry Leader... 

Level 2, internal/cross-functional, focuses on internal excellence, breaking down the internal walls and beginning intra-enterprise integration. 

The third important source for infonnation on modem Raman spectroscopy are the books cataloguing the proceedings of the International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (ICORS) [37]. ICORS is held every two years at various international locations and feahires hundreds of contributions from leading research groups covering all areas of Raman spectroscopy. Although the published presentations are quite limited in lengdi, they each contain references to the more substantial works and collectively provide an excellent overview of current trends m Raman spectroscopy. A snapshot or brief sununary of the 1998 conference appears at the end of this chapter. 

For tire purjDoses of tliis review, a nanocrystal is defined as a crystalline solid, witli feature sizes less tlian 50 nm, recovered as a purified powder from a chemical syntliesis and subsequently dissolved as isolated particles in an appropriate solvent. In many ways, tliis definition shares many features witli tliat of colloids , defined broadly as a particle tliat has some linear dimension between 1 and 1000 nm [1] tire study of nanocrystals may be drought of as a new kind of colloid science [2]. Much of die early work on colloidal metal and semiconductor particles stemmed from die photophysics and applications to electrochemistry. (See, for example, die excellent review by Henglein [3].) However, the definition of a colloid does not include any specification of die internal stmcture of die particle. Therein lies die cmcial distinction in nanocrystals, die interior crystalline stmcture is of overwhelming importance. Nanocrystals must tmly be little solids (figure C2.17.1), widi internal stmctures equivalent (or nearly equivalent) to drat of bulk materials. This is a necessary condition if size-dependent studies of nanometre-sized objects are to offer any insight into die behaviour of bulk solids. 

C. S. Read with T. Gibson and Z. Sedaghat-Pour, "Acetone" in Chemical Economics Handbook, SRI International, Menlo Park, Calif., 1989. An excellent information source. 

Annual Proceedings of the Safety Seminars, Dept, of Defense, Explosive Safety Board, Washington, D.C. International symposia on explosives and closely related subjects are excellent sources of information, ie, international symposia on detonation symposia on combustion symposia on chemical problems connected with the stabiUty of explosives international pyrotechnics seminars symposia on compatibiUty of plastics and other materials with explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, and processing of explosives, propellants, and ingredients and symposia on explosives and pyrotechnics Mineral Industy Surveys, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. Periodic pubhcations dedicated primarily to explosive studies in Propellants and Explosives Journal of Ha yardous Materials, and apparent consumption of industrial explosives and blasting agents in the United States. 

Reaction of perfluoroaLkenes and hypochlorites has been shown to be a general synthesis of perfluoroepoxides (32) (eq. 7). This appears to be the method of choice for the preparation of epoxides from internal fluoroalkenes (38). Excellent yields of HFPO from hexafluoropropylene and sodium hypochlorite using phase-transfer conditions are claimed (34). 

Bisphosphites such as (7) combine excellent reactivity, straight-chain selectivity, and high resistance to the typical phosphite degradation reactions (29). Further, the corresponding 0x0 catalysts are excellent olefin isomerization catalysts so that high normal-to-branched isomer ratios are obtained even from internal olefins, enabling, in certain instances, the use of inexpensive mixed isomer olefin feedstocks. 

In order to operate a process facility in a safe and efficient manner, it is essential to be able to control the process at a desired state or sequence of states. This goal is usually achieved by implementing control strategies on a broad array of hardware and software. The state of a process is characterized by specific values for a relevant set of variables, eg, temperatures, flows, pressures, compositions, etc. Both external and internal conditions, classified as uncontrollable or controllable, affect the state. Controllable conditions may be further classified as controlled, manipulated, or not controlled. Excellent overviews of the basic concepts of process control are available (1 6). 

International Specialty Products (ISP) suppHes ethyl, isopropyl, and -butyl half-esters of PMVEMA as 50% solutions in ethanol or 2-propanol. Typical properties are shown in Table 8. These half-esters do not dissolve in water but are soluble in dilute aqueous alkaU and in aqueous alcohoHc amine solutions. The main appHcation for the half-esters is in hairsprays where they combine excellent hair-holding properties at high humidity without making the hair stiff or harsh. These half-esters are easily removed during shampooing, have a very low order of toxicity, and form tack-free films that exhibit good gloss, luster, and sheen (see Hair preparations). 

Rich sources of vitamin A include dairy products such as milk cheese, butter, and ice cream. Eggs as well as internal organs such as the Hver, kidney, and heart also represent good sources. In addition, fish such as herring, sardines, and tuna, and in particular the Hver oil from certain marine organisms, are excellent sources. Because the vitamin A in these food products is derived from dietary carotenoids, vitamin A content can vary considerably. Variation of vitamin A content in food can also result from food processing and in particular, oxidation processes (8). 

The incorporation of metal salts of amphoteric surface active agents (Mostat Series) as internal antistatic agents in polypropylene fibers has been reported (95). Metal salts of alanine, amidoamine, and imida2oiine-type amphoteric surface-active agents show excellent performance as internal antistatic agents and also improve the dyeing abiUty of the fibers with acid dyes. 

Another standard industry method for surface area is based on the adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) from aqueous solution. This is ASTM method D3765-85 (2). This method measures the specific surface area of carbon black exclusive of the internal area contained in micropores that are too small to admit the large CTAB molecules. Eor mbber-grade nonporous blacks the CTAB method gives excellent agreement with nitrogen surface areas. 

S. H. Hochheiser, Synthetic Foods Colors in the United States A. History Under Regulation, University Microfilms International, 83-04269, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1986. An excellent history of the development of legislation to control colorants used in foods, dmgs, and cosmetics. 

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