Interaction with the immune system

A significant amount of evidence has arisen regarding the role that EPSs from fermented dairy foods may play in interacting with the human gut mucosal immune 

Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris is a lactic acid bacterium commonly associated with some cheeses and buttermilk (Leroy De Vuyst, 2004). L. lactis subsp. cremoris (strain KVS20) isolated from a starter culture of Scandinavian ropy sour milk (viili), previously shown to elicit an immune response in mice, produces a phosphopolysac-charide (molecular mass of 1.884 x 10 Da) comprising the sugars rhamnose, glucose and galactose. This polysaccharide was shown to induce IFN-1 and IL-la production 

A study by Lopez et al. (2012) has provided some new insights 10 EPS fractions isolated from three different Bifidobacterium species (Bifidobacterium animalis, B. longum mA Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum) were shown to elicit a marginally increased production of PBMCs, but this seemed to be dependent upon the type of EPS tested. On the whole, an EPS that was of a neutral charge and a higher molecular mass caused a decrease in the immune response, whilst acidic, smaller EPSs were able to cause an increased response. 

EPS produced by iMctobacillus paraplantarum BGCGl 1 (isolated from a Serbian artisanal cheese) was found to down-regulate cytokine production by PBMCs (Nikolic et al., 2012). Analysis of EPS-CGl 1 revealed that it is a larger-size polymer (approx. 

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The chemistry and orientation used in attaching the hapten to the carrier molecule have a great impact on the specificity of the antibodies subsequently elicited. Specificity is lost to the region of the hapten molecule involved in the protein linkage because this is sterically shielded from interaction with the immune system. Therefore, the structure of an analyte should be carefully considered in order to design an appropriate antigen based upon the reactivity spectrum desired in the final assay. 

Indicate two ways that chemicals can interact with the immune system. 

Immunotoxicology is the study of undesired effects resulting from the interactions of xenobiotics with the immune system (Figure 19.1). There is evidence that some xeno-biotics can cause immune suppression. Xenobiotics can also interact with the immune system to either cause or exacerbate allergic disease. Finally there is growing concern that xenobiotics could have some involvement in autoimmune disease. This chapter provides a brief overview of the immune system, chemicals associated with immune suppression and immune pathologies, and approaches to testing for these effects. 

Sympathetic Nervous System Interaction with the Immune System... 

The fundamental concepts of how immunity develops form the basis for an understanding of how environmental agents can interact with the immune system to trigger autoimmune disease. 

Hymenistatin 1 (HS-1), cyclo-(-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Val-Pro-Leu-Ile-Ile-), a cyclic 8-peptide isolated from the Hymeniaddon sponge, and totally synthesized in 1993. It causes an immunosuppressive effect in the humoral and cellular immune responses comparable to the action of cyclosporin A (CsA). Based on studies of the comparative influence of HS-1 and CsA on cytokine production, it could be concluded that the mechanisms of interaction with the immune system are different for the two compounds [R. K. Konat et al, Helv. Chim. Acta 1993, 76,1649 M. Cebratetal., Peptides 1996, 27, 191]. 

At present, the sight and mode of action of chrysotherapy are uncertain, but a number of viable hypotheses, including the possibility of interactions with the immune system are under active consideration (, . ... 

Beisser PS. Viral chemokine receptors and chemokines in human cytomegalovirus trafficking and interaction with the immune system. CMV chemokine receptors. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol... 

BeUomo, N., Preziosi, L. Modelling and mathematical problems related to tumor evolution and its interaction with the immune system. Math. Comput. Model. 32(3-4), 413-452 (2000). http //dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-7177(00)00143-6... 

Dobrovolskaia, M.A., Aggarwal, R, Hall, J.B., McNeil, S.E. (2008). Preclinical studies to understand nanoparticle interaction with the immune system and its potential effects on nanoparticle biodistribution. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 5, 487 95. 

Kotwal, G. J. (1997) Microorganisms and their interaction with the immune system. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62, 415-429. 

Intravenous administration has most the restrictions because the formulations must be, as much as possible, biocompatible and also biodegradable to prevent their accumulation in the body (ie, they must be bioresorbable materials). The size of the carriers that are used must satisfy specific characteristics. The injected materials must be less than 300 nm to avoid their rapid elimination by the liver and spleen. In addition, the diameters of these carriers should preferably be larger than 20 nm to avoid rapid elimination by the kidneys (see Fig. 12.1) [2]. In addition, the surface of these materials must be properly functionalized to avoid interaction with the immune system (and then rapid NP elimination), while also increasing the interaction with the target tissues [3]. 

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