Integrators, digital electronic

RAC publications include data summaries for specific component types, such as hybrid microcircuits, small, medium and large-scale integration digital devices, linear and interface devices, digital monolithic devices, and discrete semiconductors. In addition, there are reliability and equipment maintenance data books that provide the failure and repair time data on military electronic equipment by application such as subsystem. 

The last and most advanced system presented in this book includes an array of three MOS-transistor-heated microhotplates (Sect. 6.3). The system relies almost exclusively on digital electronics, which entailed a significant reduction of the overall power consumption. The integrated C interface reduces the number of required wire bond connections to only ten, which allows to realize a low-prize and reliable packaging solution. The temperature controllers that were operated in the pulse-density mode showed a temperature resolution of 1 °C. An excellent thermal decoupling of each of the microhotplates from the rest of the array was demonstrated, and individual temperature modulation on the microhotplates was performed. The three microhotplates were coated with three different metal-oxide materials and characterized upon exposure to various concentrations of CO and CH4. 

The availability of integrated circuits paved the way for the next generation ofX-ray inspection system. These units featured a side-shooting fan beam of X-rays incident on an extended array of scintillators optically coupled to photodiodes or phototransistors. The resulting low-level electric currents were then amphfied, integrated, and electronically sampled and digitized. Such systems were under development by ScanRay and Picker in 1977. By 1979, Picker was marketing... 

Hz repetition rate of the lasers and is usually sampled with a gated integrator, whose output is recorded with a laboratory computer. Analogue, rather than digital, electronics is usually employed because of pile-up of the detected photon counts in an experiment with reasonable product intensities. 

Most electronic repairs consist of replacing entire printed circuit boards, as opposed to individual electronic components and wiring, which was required in early instrumentation. Cam timers have disappeared, to be replaced by digital electronics. Analog electronics have been minimized in order to preserve the integrity of the signal by digitizing as close as possible to the detector. 

Other industrial processes require that materials undergo a chemical process called passivation, which is essentially the rendering of the surface of a material inert to chemical reaction through the formation of a thin coating layer of oxide, nitride, or some other suitable chemical form. With its ability to accurately measure the thickness and properties of thin films such as oxide layers on a surface, electron spectroscopy is uniquely appropriate to use in industries that rely on passivation or on the formation of thin layers with specific properties. One such industry is the semiconductor industry, upon which the computer and digital electronics fields have been buUt. AES and XPS are commonly used to monitor the quality and properties of thin layers of semiconductor materials used to construct computer chips and other integrated circuits. 

Reduction of Data from the Automated Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Complex Extracts from Human Biological Fluids Using a Digital Electronic Integrator and on Off-Line Computer Programs... 

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