Temperature resolution

In the lipase-catalyzed resolution, temperature control of enantioselectivity has been generally accepted for its simplicity and theoretical reliability. Lowering the reaction temperature usually enhances the enantioselectivity. Here, the historical and theoretical backgrounds of the temperature control of enantioselectivity and its applicability to the method are described. Recent literatures for the lipase-catalyzed resolutions to which the low-temperature method seems to be promising to enhance the enantioselectivity are also summarized. 

Ran, Z. L. Rao, Y. J. Liu, W. J. Liao, X. Chiang, K. S., Laser micromachined Fabry Perot optical fiber tip sensor for high resolution temperature independent measurement of refractive index, Opt. Express 2008, 16, 2252 2263... 

Fio. 22. Resolution of complex II with respect to succinate dehydrogenase by various chaotropes. Complex II was suspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0. After addition of 0.6 M chaotrope the concentration of complex II was 8 mg/ml. After addition of the salts, samples were taken at the intervals indicated and assayed for succinate-Qi and succinate-PMS reductase activities. Solid lines, sucdnate-ubiquinone-2(Q) reductase activity dotted line, succinate-PMS reductase activity. Resolution temperature, 0° assay temperature, 38°. The complex II preparations used in the experiments of this and subsequent Figs. 24 and 25 had specific activities between 40 and 45 moles Qj reduced by succinate per min per mg protein. From Davis and Hatefi (169). 

Pelejero C., Grimalt J. O., Heilig S., Kienast M., and Wang L. (1999) Higji resolution temperature reconstmetions in... 

Doose-Rolinski H., Rogalla U., Scheeder G., Luckge A., and von Rad U. (2001) High-resolution temperature and evaporation changes during the late Holocene in the northeastern Arabian Sea. Paleoceanography 16, 358-367. 

Figure 2. High-resolution temperature-dependent magnetization measurements obtained on Ks Cjo ( ) and Kj eo (O) samples highlighting the depression in for the isotopically sutetituted material. The samples were initially cooled in zero field to S K, and then the curves were recorded on warming in a field of 20 Oe. The curves were normalized to the Value of the magnetization at S K. The inset shows a full magnetization curve for a K3 C o sample.

When a spectrum is recorded, there are no molecule or quantum number labels attached to it. Sometimes the spectrum contains a previously unobserved band of a known species. More often it contains well known bands of well known species, but the experimentalist usually does not initially know to which of several plausible or implausible species the band belongs. The best way to answer this band identity question quickly and unambiguously is to perform a rotational analysis. It is often easier and always more conclusive to identify a band by the molecular constants (e.g., B, B") derived from it than from the frequency location of the maximum intensity feature of the band. (In fact, incompletely resolved band intensity maxima are notoriously unreliable, because the position of the maximum can depend strongly on resolution, temperature, and pressure.)... 

The dynamic phenomena associated with the rhodium-catalyzed oxidation of carbon monoxide, methane and propane have been studied by in-situ infrared thermography. High-resolution temperature maps of the reacting catalyst revealed the mobility of the reaction front during ignition and extinction of the CO oxidation, and the development of thermokinetic oscillations. The catalytic oxidation of methane and propane produced weaker dynamics. Chemisorption and kinetic experiments suggest that the competitive adsorption of the reactants and the occurrence of self-inhibition, represent key factors in the development of the observed transient effects. 

Isoelectric point pH at which the concentration of charged and uncharged molecules is identical Resolution Temperature Death time Gradient time Retention time Net retention time Linear velocity Volume... 

Fig. 5.6.5. High resolution temperature-concentration T-X) diagram for binary mixtures of 4-n-octyloxy- and 4-n-decyloxy-phenyl-4 -nitrobenzoyloxybenzoate in the vicinity of the Aj-N -A point. The solid lines denote first order phase boundaries. The critical end point (CEP) for the A -N boundary and the approximate location of the tricritical point (TCP) for the Aj-N boundary are indicated in the diagram. (After reference 127.)...

The technique has proven successful in measuring the pore size distribution in the mesopore regime, for a variety of model (67-69) and practical (67) systems. An example of a measurement on a glossy coated paper is given in Figure 7.48 (67). For pores with > 50 nm, instrument resolution, temperature control and... 

Wagner E, Sodtke C, Schweizer N, Stephan P (2006) Experimental study of nucleate boiling heat transfer under low gravity conditions using TLCs for high resolution temperature measurements. Heat Mass Transf 42 875-883... 

The Snoek peak of internal friction of the Fe-0.21C-0.2 Cu (mass%) alloy, neutron-irradiated at 330 to 341°C, was measured by [1978Yam]. It was shown that the resolution temperature of carbon atoms in the neutron-irradiated alloy is about 400°C, but that in the unirradiated alloy is about 200°C. 

HIGH-RESOLUTION TEMPERATURE-JUMP MEASUREMENTS USING COOLING-CORRECTION... 

COOLING CORRECTION FOR HIGH-RESOLUTION TEMPERATURE-JUMP... 

Eggersfon el al. (69) in 1960 firsl reported that low-resolution, temperature-programmed, gas chromatographic data could be used to simulate the more time-consuming true-boiling-point distillation. Retention times were correlated... 

Figure 5. (a) High resolution temperature-pressure diagram in the vicinity of the N-A-C multicritical point in 4-n-heptacylphenyl-4 -(4"-cyanobenzoyloxybenzoate). The solid lines are computer fits of data evaluated with equations representing the NA, NC, and AC phase boundaries, respectively, (b) The universal temperature-concentration plot showing the data for four binary liquid crystal systems. (From [100], reproduced by permission of American Physical Society.)... 

Another modification was found necessary for high-resolution temperature derivatives to match to the noise in the heat flow signal. Instead of the standard way of eliminating such noise/fluctuations by more appropriate tuning of an instrument, or by intermediary measurements of the signal in distinct windows, the fluctuations were incorporated in a controlled and regulated way. The temperature oscillations (often sinusoidal) were... 

Thermoteknix Centurion and WinCem Optomechanically scanned using thermoelectrically cooled, HgCdTe detector, 3.5-4.2 pm, high-resolution temperature range 100-700°C, extensive diagnostic and visualization software. 

The non-invasive requirement for the hot leg temperature sensor must therefore be evaluated against impacts on reactor control response time. Other factors affecting sensor placement include sensor accuracy and resolution, temperature tolerance, sensor size, and feasible attachment methodologies. The sensor technologies under consideration for measuring the hot gas temperature were ultrasonics, thermocouples, resistance temperature deviees (RTDs), optical pyrometry, and fiber Bragg grating. 

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