Digital electronics

American physicist John Vincent Atanasoff collaborates with Clifford E. Berry to design the first digital electronic computer. 

When the three coefficients oc12, oc13, and a23 are known, the coexistence curve can be found by simultaneous solution of Eqs. (119) and (120). A numerical iterative technique given by Hennico and Vermeulen (HI) was used by Balder for performing these calculations with a digital electronic computer. 

Over the years, many instruments have been developed for and used in the scientific laboratory. Today, the computer is used as a major tool in the scientific laboratory for the capture, manipulation, transfer, and storage of data. Consequently, the concern for data quality has shifted from the instruments that are used in the generation of the data to these electronic systems, often neglecting the fact that the data are only as accurate as the instrument measurements. For instance, many electronic systems can be used in chromatography analysis, from the electronic log book where the test substance inventory is kept, throughout data capture in the instrument, to the digitized electronic signal that is the raw data on the computer network. For crop residue samples, the... 

Most electronic technology systems use digital electronics in conjunction with microcomputer technology to allow the instrumentation user to calibrate and troubleshoot the instrumentation from either a local or remote location. This capability is commonly referred to as "Smart" electronic technology. 

The last and most advanced system presented in this book includes an array of three MOS-transistor-heated microhotplates (Sect. 6.3). The system relies almost exclusively on digital electronics, which entailed a significant reduction of the overall power consumption. The integrated C interface reduces the number of required wire bond connections to only ten, which allows to realize a low-prize and reliable packaging solution. The temperature controllers that were operated in the pulse-density mode showed a temperature resolution of 1 °C. An excellent thermal decoupling of each of the microhotplates from the rest of the array was demonstrated, and individual temperature modulation on the microhotplates was performed. The three microhotplates were coated with three different metal-oxide materials and characterized upon exposure to various concentrations of CO and CH4. 

Kimbler, Will. 1994. Practical Digital Electronics for Technicians. Oxford BH Newnes. Markus, John, ed. 1980. Modern Electric Circuit Reference Manual. New York McGraw-Hill. 

A major improvement came with digital electronics, which allows high-resolulion liming (0.1 second) and exact repeatability. Precise timing of sequential events is essential to multidimensional sample preparation utilizing column separation operators and switching valves. 

In order to assimilate the following mateial, the reader should be familiar with a few simple concepts in instrumentation elecronics. These topics are more than adequately discussed in numerous texts and so we do not belabor them here. For the convenience of those who need to review, we have prepared a list of subjects essential to understanding these introductory sections. This list is all-inclusive, so study of topics not on the list (e.g., ac circuit theory, inductance, transformers, power supplies, digital electronics, transducers, transistors, etc.) will be of no immediate value. 

T. P. Sifferlan and V. Vartanian, Digital Electronics with Engineering Applications, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1970. 

As well as software-based aggregate subtraction, so-called pulse processing (or, more recently, digital) electronics can give us help in this task. In general, particles (cells or nuclei) give out signals that... 

Understand Submission Guidelines. Each FDA Center has specific guidelines that must be followed for successful submission. Table 1.1 contains links to Center-specific preparation guidelines and contacts. Table 1.2 lists electronic submissions supported by the FDA ESG. Important information on the use of digital/electronic signatures on FDA forms can be found in Appendix C, Digital Signatures. 

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