Integration dyeing

Regrowth potential Membrane integrity Dye exclusion Dual isotope labelling Dielectric permitivity... 

Dye uptake/exclusion - viable cells Dye penetration - cell integrity Dye penetration - membrane damage... 

Hofmann O et al (2006) Monolithically integrated dye-doped PDMS long-pass filters for disposable on-chip fluorescence detection. Lab Chip 6 981-987... 

Figure 5.6 Photograph of lab-on-chip (LOC) optical transducer with integrated dye laser, polymer waveguides, cuvette, microfluidic channel, and photodiodes.

Cegarra J., Puente R, Valldeperas J., Pepi6 M. (1989), Kinetic Aspects of Dye Addition in Continuous Integration Dyeing Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 105, 349-55. 

Cegarra J., Enrich R, Pepio M., Puente P. (1999), Modelling of integration dyeing of a wool package with acid dyes Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists, 115, 92-4. 

The first expression (shown in Eq. 5.13) sets a flnx at the bonndary. The condition requires that the flow conditions and concentration in the bulk outside the boundary are known. Equation 5.14 represents an impervious boundary and states that the flux is zero across this boundary. Eqrration 5.15 states that the flux through a boundary is given by an arbitrary functiony. This condition can be used to model the integration dyeing, or stepwise addition and fixation of dye, where the boimdary represents the surface of a package and is the expression for dosing. 

Key words dynamic mass transfer in dyeing, convection factors, flow velocity integration dyeing. 

Simulation resnlts indicate that in the case of integration dyeing, in which dyes and auxiliaries are continuously dosed into the dyebath over a period of time, the quadratic dosing method will be the preferred method during the initial stage of dyeing, since the rate of dye injection starts slowly. After 7 time units the rate increase may be too rapid for a level distribntion of dye (as shown in Fig. 6.36, dashed line), and an exponential dosing method may be the preferred method... 

As already mentioned, a number of differerrt approaches have been employed to introduce the colorants to the fibrous assembly. In the so-called integration dyeing, the effect of influential parameters on the outcome of the dyeing should be carefully considered. The following conclusions should be noted ... 

The addition of dye is used in controlled exhaustion as well as integration dyeing. Therefore, it is important to assess the performance of the metering pmnps in dosing calculated quantities of the solntion to the dyebath. 

Frequency-Modulation Spectroscopy. Frequency-modulation spectroscopy (tins) is a high sensitivity null-background infrared technique for measuring absorbances down to 10 with fast acquisition speeds. Fms involves frequency-modulating a laser source at COq to produce a carrier frequency having sidebands at cJq where is an integral multiple of the modulation frequency. Dye lasers and many other single-line sources can... 

Fig. 14. Schematic cross section of Spectra integral film. The 600 Plus film has a similar stmcture. In these films the yellow image is formed by silver-assisted cleavage of a yellow dye releaser. A colorless developer reduces exposed silver hahde in the blue-sensitive emulsion in unexposed areas dissolved silver diffuses to the dye releaser layer and triggers the release of the yellow image dye.

Fuji Peel-Apart Film FP-100. In 1984 Fuji introduced FP-lOO, a peel-apart instant color film rated at ISO 100. The FP-lOO system uses a dye-release process similar to that used in the Fuji integral films. Figure 16b is a schematic cross section of FP-100, and Figure 11b (on the colored plate) is a micrograph of the unprocessed film in cross section. The negative stmcture includes a spacer layer between the red-sensitive layer and the cyan dye-releaser layer that it controls, similar to that shown in the FI-800 stmcture, but there are no spacers between the other emulsions and corresponding dye-releaser layers. 

Internal and External Phases. When dyeing hydrated fibers, for example, hydrophUic fibers in aqueous dyebaths, two distinct solvent phases exist, the external and the internal. The external solvent phase consists of the mobile molecules that are in the external dyebath so far away from the fiber that they are not influenced by it. The internal phase comprises the water that is within the fiber infrastmcture in a bound or static state and is an integral part of the internal stmcture in terms of defining the physical chemistry and thermodynamics of the system. Thus dye molecules have different chemical potentials when in the internal solvent phase than when in the external phase. Further, the effects of hydrogen ions (H" ) or hydroxyl ions (OH ) have a different impact. In the external phase acids or bases are completely dissociated and give an external or dyebath pH. In the internal phase these ions can interact with the fiber polymer chain and cause ionization of functional groups. This results in the pH of the internal phase being different from the external phase and the theoretical concept of internal pH (6). 

To measure a residence-time distribution, a pulse of tagged feed is inserted into a continuous mill and the effluent is sampled on a schedule. If it is a dry miU, a soluble tracer such as salt or dye may be used and the samples analyzed conductimetricaUy or colorimetricaUy. If it is a wet mill, the tracer must be a solid of similar density to the ore. Materials hke copper concentrate, chrome brick, or barites have been used as tracers and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence. To plot results in log-normal coordinates, the concentration data must first be normalized from the form of Fig. 20-15 to the form of cumulative percent discharged, as in Fig. 20-16. For this, one must either know the total amount of pulse fed or determine it by a simple numerical integration... 

Inthiscasethenonzerovalueofthefunctionhasbeenpushedtothepositiveextremumof this interval on t. If we integrate the product of the dye mass m[Pg.184]

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