Integrated bioreactor system

Sikder J, Roy M, Dey P, Pal P, (2012), Techno-economic analysis of a membrane-integrated bioreactor system for production of lactic add from sugarcane juice , Biochemical Engineering Jourrud, in press (homepage www. elsevier.com/locate/bej). 

The OHLM systems, integrating reaction, separation, and concentration functions in one equipment (bioreactor), find a great interest of researchers in the last few years. A bioreactor combines the use of specific biocatalyst for the desired chemical reactions, and repeatedly or continuously application of it under very specific conditions. Such techniques were termed as hybrid membrane reactors. In biotechnology and pharmacology, these applications are termed as hybrid membrane bioreactors or simply bioreactors (see Table 13.11). Experimental setup of the bioreactor system is shown schematically in Figure 13.17. 

Cell adhesion to artificial surfaces plays a key role in a wide variety of demanding products and technologies such as medical implants or bioreactor systems. Adhesion of eukaryotic and bacterial cells to a biomaterial surface can be a major factor mediating its biocompatibility. For a proper integration of an implant into tissue, cell adhesion may be desired, whereas bacterial cell adhesion to medical devices must be prevented in order to minimize the risk of infections and toxicity. 

Figure 3.8 (a) A membrane bioreactor-based system for treating landfill leachates, (b) A multi-staged RO and reject RO integrated membrane system for treating landfill leachates. Source [17]. 

Danner H, Madzingaidzo L, Thomasser C, Neureiter M, Braun R (2002) Thermophilic production of lactic acid using integrated membrane bioreactor systems coupled with monopolar electrodialysis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59(2-3) 160-169. doi 10.1007/s00253-002-0998 ... 

Several areas are receiving much of the research attention. Approaches that integrate product recovery with the fermentation in a three-phase fluidized bed bioreactor reflect general research trends in biochemical engineering (Yabannavar and Wang, 1991 Davison and Thompson, 1992). The successful use of three-phase biofluidization has also been demonstrated for recombinant protein systems, where it may have some benefit in improving plasmid stability (Shu and Yang, 1996). 

Lab-scale bioreactor integrated with active membrane system for hydrogen production experience and prospects. Ini../. Hydr. Energy., 27 1149-1155... 

In the following, a number of integrated reaction-separation systems wiU be discussed, with emphasis on the application of polymeric membranes. As a result, the systems discussed will be Hmited to relatively low temperatures, typically below 120°C. In Section 13.2, appHcations of membranes in chemical synthesis will be described. Subsequently, in Section 13.3 various examples of membrane bioreactors will be discussed. 

Membrane bioreactors can be easily integrated with other systems, for example, with delivery of drugs or genes to individual cells achieved on the nanoscale using electroporation techniques. In one method developed in a recent patent, a flowthrough bioreactor having an inlet and an outlet connected by a flow chamber and a nanoporous membrane positioned in the flow chamber was used [28]. 

A schematic flowsheet of the fermentation unit with integrated MBSE and MBSS circuit for recovery of acid(s) product from the fermentation broth is presented in Figure 23.5. Martak et al. [73] ran a semicontinuous fermentation of lactic acid with Rhizopus arrhizus with a periodical bleed and feed operation without a decrease in LA productivity for 152 h. Such a process could be integrated with separation of lactic acid, for example, by MBSE studied in ref. [74] or by pertraction [44,45], Recovery of vanilline from a fermentation broth is presented in ref. [75] aiming at formation of an integrated system. A combination of MBSE of phenol from saline solution in HF contactor with bioreactor with Pseudomonas putida to remove phenol is studied in ref. [76],... 

Integrated bioprocesses can be used to enhance the production of valuable metabolites from plant cell cultures. The in situ removal of product during cell cultivation facilitates the rapid recovery of volatile and unstable phytochemicals, avoids problems of cell toxicity and end-product inhibition, and enhances product secretion. In situ extraction, in situ adsorption, the utilization of cyclodextrin, and the application of aqueous two-phase systems have been proposed for the integration of cell growth and product recovery in a bioreactor. The simultaneous combination of elicitation, immobilization, permeabilization, and in situ recovery can promote this method of plant cell culture as a feasible method to produce various natural products including proteins. 

The sensors of the electronic nose are assembled in an array. The array is normally a small electronic unit that integrates the different sensors into a practical circuit card or another appropriate system that is easy to insert into the electronic nose instrument. If the array is to be used in a flow injection setup the unit also comprises a flow cell compartment with minimal volume. The system depicted in Fig. 2 shows how MOS and MOSFET arrays are integrated in a flow injection system [11]. Larger arrays can be integrated into silicon chips, as described for CP sensors where, for example an ASIC chip with 32 sensors has been fabricated with BiCMOS technology and having an area of 7 x 7 mm [18]. If the array is be inserted in the headspace volume of a bioreactor, the technical solution is a remote array probe that can be placed in a gas sample container [19]. 

To form a highly stable modified electrode, L-histidine was attached on the surface of a silver electrode by covalent bonds. At the surface of this histidine-modified electrode, NAD+ can be reduced to NADH. High reduction rates were observed so that it is possible to integrate this regeneration system into bioreactors and biosensors [118]. 

---