Radiation toxicity

Thompson, G.A., J. Smithers, and H. Boxenbaum. 1990. Biphasic mortality response of chipmunks in the wild to single doses of ionizing radiation toxicity and longevity hormesis. Drug Metabol. Rev. 22 269-289. 

Differential Diagnosis Other diagnoses to consider include radiation toxicity, and plant or chemical toxicity. 

PHAST (Process Hazard Analysis Software Tool)—This is a conglomerate package for gas dispersion and fire modeling. PHAST is capable of calculating the formation of a cloud or pool to final dispersion calculating concentrations, fire radiation, toxicity, and explosion overpressure endpoints. 

The radiation was continuous course in the sequential approach, but there was a 2 wk split between two courses of 28 Gy/3 wk for the concurrent regimen. The ChT doses were not reduced in the concurrent arm and the split course may have conferred some protection from ChT-enhanced acute radiation toxicity, since the rate of severe esophagitis was low in both study arms. There was better short-term survival (MST... 

Studies of the coordination chemistry of the actinides have been limited by a number of factors - the care needed in handling radioactive materials and the possibility of damage to human tissue from the radiation toxicity (especially Pu) the very small quantities available and very short half-lives of the later actinides radiation and heating damage to solutions and radiation damage (defects and dislocations) to crystals. 

Models of radiation damage have been explored and are well developed. For many years, accidental releases of ionizing radiation have been universally feared. Alternatively, radiation has been used in controlled, defined amoimts as a therapy for certain tumors in both companion animals and humans. Taken together, all studies provide a cohesive and comprehensive picture of radiation toxicity. There are sufficient details of radiation effects to make credible estimates of risk resulting from radiation exposure (Harley 2001, 2008). 

Since acute radiation toxicity responses become apparent shortly after exposme, history is an important criterion in determining whether the radiation is related to the cause of a particular complication or adverse effect. As with any attempt to specify a dose-response relationship, the dose is an important component. In contrast, late radiation toxicity in organs such as the kidneys, fiver, or central nervous system (CNS) will not be seen until months or perhaps even years after radiation exposure (Center for Drug Evaluation, 2005). The integrated response is often to the radiation response and attempts to heal any radiation damage that has been caused. 

Animals receiving fractionated external radiation therapy for mammary tumors may develop chronic pulmonary degenerative disease because the thorax is irradiated. To achieve the desired therapeutic effect, the dose may be too high to heal by primary intent thus, they will heal by secondary intent - frbrosis. Type II cell proliferation is a common early event in radiation toxicity to the limgs. 

Three-dimensional dose-rate/time/response surfaces for chronic exposure to carcinogens and ionizing radiation clarify the interactive roles of competing risks (Raabe, 1987). The three dimensions are average dose rate, exposure time, and risk. The unproved conceptualization afforded by them contributes to the planning and evaluation of epidemiological analyses and experimental studies involving chronic exposure to radiation toxicants (Raabe, 1987). 

Table 2-2. Levels of Significant Exposure to Uranium - Radiation Toxicity - inhalation... 

Radiation Toxicity - Acute (<14 days) and Chronic (>365 days) ... 

Another drug preparation, for which the storage in brown glass containers is problematic, is chloramphenicol eye drops. After short periods of exposure to UV and VIS radiation, toxic degradation products and significant losses in drug content have been reported (6). 

See also Chernobyl Cuyahoga River Radiation Toxic- http //www.nrc.gov - Fact Sheet on the Accident at Three... 

The exact cause of the acute leukemias is unknown. A multifactorial process involving genetics, environmental and socioeconomic factors, toxins, immunologic status, and viral exposures is likely. Table 131-1 summarizes the major factors that have been linked to acute leukemias. Infectious and genetic factors have the strongest associations to date. In pediatric ALL, a number of environmental factors have been investigated as possible causes exposure to ionizing radiation, toxic chemicals, herbicides and pesticides maternal use of... 

Levels of Significant Exposure to Strontium—Radiation Toxicity—Inhalation... 

Table 3-3. Levels of Significant Exposure to Strontium Radiation Toxicity " Oral (continued)...

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