Insulin, human injectable

Regular insulin human injection (rDNA origin) [FDA for Humulin R]... 

HUMULIN R REGULAR Eli Lilly U-500 (concentrated insulin human injection,... 

The rDNA-dcrived homiones include insulin human injection U.SP (Humulin R. Novolin R. Vclostilin Human), growth hormone (somatotropin Humatrope). and soinatrem (Protropin). All of these products, as well as other products containing human insulin, arc disctis.scd above in this chapter. 

HUMULIN R REGULAR U-500 (concentrated insulin human injection, USP) [/s call expressed biosynthetic human insulin] Eli Lilly 20 mL vials of zinc-insulin crystals dissolved in a clear fluid 500 Units/mL 100 units/ mL (U-100) 0.24 mg sodium citrate 1.04 mg citric acid monohydrate 9.6 mg mannitol 0.8 mg polysorbate 80 16mg/mL glycerin, 2.5mg/mL m-cresol as a preservative 0.085 mg/mL (0.017 mg/ 100 units) zinc-oxide (sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid may be added during manufacture to adjust the pH)... 

Insulin (human) 5786 Da Aerosol (nebulized) Solution pH 7 20-25 % vs. s.c. injection... 

Highly purified (single component) and human Insulins Local insulin allergy, immunologic insulin resistance, injection-site lipodystrophy temporary insulin use (ie, surgery, acute stress type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes) newly diagnosed diabetic patients. 

Injection of older insulin preparations sometimes led to atrophy of subcutaneous fatty tissue at the site of injection. This type of immune complication is almost never seen since the development of human insulin preparations of neutral pH. Injection of these newer preparations directly into the atrophic area often results in restoration of normal contours. Hypertrophy of subcutaneous fatty tissue remains a problem, even with the purified insulins, if injected repeatedly at the same site. However, this may be corrected by avoidance of that specific injection site or with liposuction. 

In some cases, cell surface expression of certain species can be induced for example, interleukin-1 has been shown to induce the biosynthesis and cell surface expression of procoagulant activity in human vascular endothelial cells [197]. Such materials may also be exploitable as candidates for bioadhesion studies. Millions of lives of patients with diabetes have been saved since the introduction of insulin therapy. However, several daily injections of insulin are required to maximize glucose control in diabetic patients. Insulin is administered by subcutaneous injection, but this route of administration has a slow onset and subsequent prolonged duration of action. These limitations show up more when higher doses of insulin are injected, which results in a long duration of action and forces the patients to consume additional amounts of food to limit the risk of hypoglycemia [198]. 

Lang, C. H., Pollard, V., Fan, J., Traber, L. D., Traber, D. L., Frost, R. A., Gelato, M. C., and Prough, D. S. Acute alterations in growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor axis in humans injected with endotoxin. Am J Physiol 273 (1997) R371-378. 

The switch in position of amino acids in lispro does not affect the action of this synthetic insulin on cells because it is not in a critical invariant region, but it does affect the ability of insulin to bind zinc. Normally, human insulin is secreted from the pancreas as a zinc hexa-mer in which six insulin molecules are bound to the zinc atom. When zinc insulin is injected, the binding to zinc slows the absorption from the subcutaneous (under the skin) injection site. Lispro cannot bind zinc to form a hexamer, and thus it is absorbed much more quickly than other insulins. 

When insulin is injected into normal animals a sli t tranatory increase in the blood GSH level (approximately 10 %) has been observed in most cases (115 to 120), although increases up to 29% have also been reported (9). In human subj ects (schizophrenics and others), following the injection of massive doses of insulin, one investigator has reported increases up to 44% in the blood GSH levels (121), whereas several investigators have failed to observe significant (103) or consistent changes (122), or they have observed increased concentrations of blood GSH only when the initial levels were low (120, 123). 

Rational protein engineering has been successfully used in a variety of problems of interest in biomedical engineering. One of the first, and perhaps the most widely used examples can be found with the protein engineering of human insulin for the treatment of diabetes [ 3 ]. Native insulin has evolved to form dimers and hexamers, so that it can be produced and stockpiled in the pancreas before it is needed for release in the body. When purified insulin is injected subcutaneously following a meal as a treatment for diabetes, only the active monomer form is desired, and thus the formation of dimers and hexamers can slow absorption. This has been addressed using site-directed mutagenesis to introduce repulsive charges and steric hindrances at the dimer interface, in order to reduce the tendency of human insulin to self-assemble. This work has led to insulin monomers that have an increased rate of absorption, and thus a produce a preferable postprandial plasma concentration profile [4]. 

Figure 20 Analysis of human insulin in interstitial fluid samples using capillary monoliths of (a) 8 cm x 200 pm i.d. and (b) 8 cm x 50 pm i.d. Interstitial fluid samples diluted (a) 1 10 and (b) 1 160 and spiked with (1) human insulin (lOOfmolpM), injection volume 1 pi. Mobile phase ...

METHODS OF ADMINISTERING INSULIN. Several methods can be used to administer insulin. The most common method is the use of a needle and syringe Use of microfine needles has reduced the discomfort associated with an injection. Another method is the jet injection system, which uses pressure to deliver a fine stream of insulin below the skin. Another method uses a disposable needle and special syringe The syringe uses a cartridge that is prefilled with a specific type of insulin (eg, regular human insulin, isophane [NPH] insulin, or a mixture of isophane and regular insulin). 

The kinetics of disappearance from the circulation of intravenously administered human insulin (Fig. 6.32) is nonlinear [145]. Within a few minutes after injection, it becomes localized in the liver, heart, and kidneys, where it is rapidly metabolized. Indeed, the hepatic extraction could be as high as 70% on a single passage, whereas kidneys could account for 10-40% degradation. Enzymatic reduction of the disulfide bridges appears to be the first step in the in vivo metabolism of insulin, although this reaction appears of limited significance under in vitro conditions. 

When Emma received her doctor s diagnosis, only one effective treatment for diabetes was available daily injection of extracts taken from the pancreases of a cow or pig. These extracts contained animal insulin that was enough like human insulin to metabolize glucose, a task that a diabetic s own body is unable to carry out. Preparing these extracts, however, was very time-consuming and expensive, and there were never enough cow and pig pancreases available to... 

An individual caimot import injections that contain substances of human or animal origin (except insulin) without an SAS approval. The TGA considers that these injections represent a high risk from inadequately or improperly prepared materials (including a lack of sterility) and, therefore, approvals will only be granted to the supervising physician. 

Mixing pramlintide and insulin The pharmacokinetic parameters of pramlintide were altered when mixed with regular, NPH, and 70/30 premixed formulations of recombinant human insulin immediately prior to injection. Thus, pramlintide and insulin should not be mixed and must be administered separately. 

Injection 100 units/mL (human insulin [rDNA]) otc) Humulin 70/30 (Lilly), Novolin 70/30 (Novo Nordisk), Novolin 70/30 Prefilled (Novo Nordisk)... 

Injection 100 units/mL (human insulin [rDNA]) otc) Humulin U (Lilly)... 

Hypogiycemic reactions Hypoglycemia when using this concentrated insulin can be prolonged and severe. As with other human insulin preparations, hypoglycemia reactions may be associated with the administration of concentrated insulin. However, deep secondary hypoglycemic reactions may develop 18 to 24 hours after the original injection of concentrated insulin. 

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