Insulator effect

The fouling of the probe when inserted into a duct or pipe acts as an isolating layer and increases the measurement error. To avoid this conduction error, the probe should be a poor heat conductor. In measuring surface temperatures, the probe should not have an insulating effect, as this will change the temperature in the measuring point. 

Clothing insulation, effective The increased body insulation due to clothing, compared to the nude state, the difference between the total insulation and the boundary layer insulation, in Clo m ... 

A home must be correctly insulated to be energy-efficient. Table 1 shows U.S. Department ofEnergy (DOE) recommended minimum insulation values for different climates throughout the country. The R-value is a measure of insulation effectiveness— the higher the R-value, the more insulation is pro-... 

The insulation effectiveness of elements of building structures is represented by the //-value or thermal transmittance. As defined in Section 11.3.1, the //-value is the reciprocal of the sum of the thermal resistances and can be expressed as ... 

Where waterside deposits are evident, they provide a heat insulating effect and also permit under-deposit contaminant concentration. Under conditions of high pressure, heat flux, or stress, this combination of factors may lead to the development of embrittlement corrosion or stress corrosion cracking (SCC). 

Stratification and steam blanketing may add further to the insulating effects and also promote both thermal stress in excess of design limits and waterside corrosion. Over the longer term, considerable metal oxide is formed and cracking and creep develop. 

In view of the limited capacity of the sulfur atom in the sulfoxide and sulfone functional groups to transmit conjugative effects due to the insulating effect of the LUMO sulfur d-orbitals45,46,56, the application of the UV technique even in the case of the cyclic vinyl sulfones (e.g. thiete dioxides 6b) cannot be expected to find extensive use. UV spectra of substituted thiete dioxides in which an extended conjugated system (e.g. 194) exists in the molecule, did provide useful information for structure elucidation231. However, the extent... 

Spillage of a weak (5%) aqueous peroxide solution onto cotton waste led, after some time, to ignition. This probably involved concentration of the peroxide by evaporation/absorption of the water, the heat insulating effect of the fibrous mass preventing heat loss as oxidation proceeded, and possibly the presence of trace metals in the waste promoting catalytic decomposition. 

The technical suitability of insulation materials is described by a series of technical parameters relating to the material (heat conductivity and heat storage capacities, damp protection, fire protection class, noise-insulating effect, properties related to building biology, e g. content of hazardous substances such as flame retardants and insecticides). Mineral wools have certain advantages over other insu-... 

Despite the different assumptions in the two schemes described here, the properties of the calculated currents share the expected semiconducting features. This is basically due to the fact that they are formally acting on the r-stack in a similar way. Only further experimental investigation could shed more light on the discrimination of the gap-opening mechanism. Such an effort would eventually help in quantifying the influence of other insulating effects, which are possibly present in other DNA-based devices. They include (i) electron correlations and Coulomb blockade, (ii) localization effects due to the sequence variability, and (iii) local defects. 

The insulator effect on metal-metal bonding for the interstitial hydrogen atom in an octahedral hole can be extended readily to other geometries. Table V shows that a similar effect is expected in a tetrahedral hole. 

The acid-base equilibria of 5- and 6-substituted indole carboxylic acids and coumarylic acids can be correlated with om for groups in the 5-position and op for groups in the 6-position,382 confirming the insulating effect of the heteroatom to resonance effects. 

Scales from individual salts vary in their heat-transfer insulating effects, but most adherent deposits found on heat-transfer surfaces consist of one or two predominant salts (such as calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate) intimately combined with a variety of lesser amounts and types of scales, together with some corrosion debris and other fouling matter. 

Furthermore, the lower rate of heating (resulting from the insulating effect of the charcoal) assists in preventing the election of solid particles, which can occur when lower rank coals (in 10- to 20-mL platinum crucibles) are heated at the higher rate by direct insertion into the hot furnace. There is, therefore, no need for a modification of the method when it is applied to the lower-rank coals (an advantage), since in borderline cases, the result may be up to 2% lower (i.e., 32% volatile matter instead of 34% volatile matter) when the modification (the lower heating rate) is employed. 

A highly pigmented coating containing mica, asbestos, etc., with a carbohydrate binder. This type of coating depends on insulation effect only and possesses fair flame resistance at high coverages. 

The insulation effect of the PTFE element is obvious if the temperature course is given as a function of the element position (see Figure 4.41). For this reason, the surface temperature of the six horizontal spacer bars was recorded. The surface temperatures of the spacer bars depend on the emissivity coefficient of the materials and on the surface characteristics. To eliminate these effects, the spacer bars were painted. 

It is well known that the flavin adenine dinucleotide redox centers of many oxidases are electrically inaccessible due to the insulating effect of the surrounding protein thus, direct electron transfer from the reduced enzyme to a conventional electrode is negligible. In the present work, a variety of polymeric materials have been developed which can facilitate a flow of electrons from the flavin redox centers of oxidases to an electrode. Highly flexible siloxane and ethylene oxide polymers containing covalently attached redox moieties, such as ferrocene, are shown to be capable of rapidly re-oxidizing the reduced flavoenzyme. 

The cycle times typically range from 3 to 15 minutes. However they can be at least 30 minutes for large and thick products. The wall thickness of the parts affects cycle times, but not in a direct ratio. As an example, with polyethylene plastic the cycle time increases by about 30 s for every 25 mils of added thickness up to 14 in. thickness. Beyond l/4 in. the heat insulating effect of the walls increases cycle times disproportional for any further increase in thickness cycle times usually have to be determined experimentally and/or with prior experience. 

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