Installation carbon dioxide systems

Carbon dioxide systems should be designed and installed and tested in accordance with NFPA 12. Fixed CO2 systems may be total flooding or local application systems as described in the following sections. An example of a carbon dioxide system is shown in Figure 7-34. 

Pre-discharge alarms are essential as is personnel training where a carbon dioxide system is installed individuals in adjacent spaces where the gas could flow as well as those working in the immediate area protected by the system should be included in the training. Any aisles providing a path of egress should be amply wide and kept clear at all times. Doors should swing in the direction of exit travel. Any... 

BS 5306 Code of Practice for fire extinguishing installations and equipment on premises Part 1 1976 Hydrants systems, hose reels and foam inlets Part 2 1979 Sprinkler systems Part 3 1980 Portable fire extinguishers Part 4 1979 Carbon dioxide systems... 

G-6.1 Standard for Low Pressure Carbon Dioxide Systems at Consumer Sites. Concerns minimum requirements and practices for design, construction, installation, operation, and maintenance of low pressure carbon dioxide supply systems at consumer sites (29 pages). 

The common commercially available metals can be used for carbon dioxide installations (those not handling carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions). Any carbon dioxide system at the user s site must be designed to safely contain the pressures involved and must conform with all state and local regulations. See also CGA G-6.1, Standard for Low Pressure Carbon Dioxide Systems at Consumer Sites. [2] For low-pressure carbon dioxide systems (up to 400 psig or 2758 kPa), containers and related equipment should have design pressures rated at least 10 percent above the normal maximum operating pressure. 

The most overlooked hazard and contaminant is water (99). Water reacts with isocyanates at room temperature to yield both ureas and large quantities of carbon dioxide. The presence of water or moisture can produce a sufficient amount of CO2 to overpressurize and mpture containers. As Httle as 30 mL of water can result in 40 L of carbon dioxide which could result in pressures of up to 300 kPa (40 psi). For these reasons, the use of dry nitrogen atmospheres is recommended during handling. If a plant air system must be used, purification equipment, such as oil traps and drying beds, should be installed between the source and the isocyanate vessel. 

FoUowiag Monsanto s success, several companies produced membrane systems to treat natural gas streams, particularly the separation of carbon dioxide from methane. The goal is to produce a stream containing less than 2% carbon dioxide to be sent to the national pipeline and a permeate enriched ia carbon dioxide to be flared or reinjected into the ground. CeUulose acetate is the most widely used membrane material for this separation, but because its carbon dioxide—methane selectivity is only 15—20, two-stage systems are often required to achieve a sufficient separation. The membrane process is generally best suited to relatively small streams, but the economics have slowly improved over the years and more than 100 natural gas treatment plants have been installed. 

Maintenance "indicators" are available to help facility staff determine when routine maintenance is required. For example, air filters are often neglected (sometimes due to reasons such as difficult access) and fail to receive maintenance at proper intervals. Installation of an inexpensive manometer, an instrument used to monitor the pressure loss across a filter bank, can give an immediate indication of filter condition without having to open the unit to visually observe the actual filter. Computerized systems are available that can prompt staff to carry out maintenance activities at the proper intervals. Some of these programs can be connected to building equipment so that a signal is transmitted to staff if a piece of equipment malfunctions. Individual areas can be monitored for temperature, air movement, humidity, and carbon dioxide, and new sensors are constantly entering the market. 

Steam traps are installed in condensate, mechanical return systems and are a frequently overlooked item for reducing operating costs. Large industrial process plants typically have many hundreds of steam traps installed to recover low-energy condensate and remove (potentially corrosive) air and carbon dioxide. 

The fourth example, the use of chemical processing on Mars for producing a propellant, is presented in Section 1.9.7 [106]. The fifth and last example describes the use of distributed systems for global carbon dioxide management, aiming at reducing the greenhouse effect [106]. The main issue here is the installation of gas-absorption equipment for CO2 capture at central, fossil-fuel power plants. 

Fixed installations, such as water spray systems, halon systems, sprinkler systems, carbon dioxide extinguishing systems, explosion suppression systems, and other fire protection installations are often provided with flow and trouble detection switches connected to transmitters. A signal indicating the condition of the system should be sent to the attended location(s). 

Carbon Dioxide Verifying system is properly installed and functions per design Discharge test to ensure design and function 12... 

NFPA 11—Standard for Low-Fxpansion Foam NFPA 11A—Standard for Medium- and High-Expansion Foam Systems NFPA 12—Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems NFPA 12A—Standard on Halon 1301 Eire Extinguishing Systems NFPA 13—Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems NFPA 15—Standard for Water Spray fixed Systems for Fire Protection NFPA 25—Standard for the Inspection, Testingand Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems... 

The gaseous waste stream at a plastics manufacturing plant consisted of 1620 Ib/hr of nitrogen, 100 Ib/hr of carbon dioxide and oxygen, 2370 Ib/hr of iso-butane, and 10 Ib/hr of water. A VaporSep system was installed at a cost of 1.3 million to recover 2325 Ib/hr of iso-butane. If the iso-butane is valued at 200 per ton, the plant saved an estimated 2 million per year (D205549, p. 8). 

Medium to large systems (greater than 30 MMscfd). In general, membrane systems are too expensive to compete head-to-head with amine plants. However, a number of large membrane systems have been installed on offshore platforms, at carbon dioxide flood operations, or where site-specific factors particularly favor membrane technology. As membranes improve, their market share is increasing. 

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