Insects Lepidoptera

The excellent book of Schmidt-Hempel (1998) describes the large variety of parasites that infest social insects. Various orders of insect (Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, non-social Hymenoptera) and arachnid (Chelicerate Arachnids Aranea, Acari) parasites use chemical mimicry to manipulate social insect hosts, i.e., ants, bees and termites. Strangely, our perusal of the literature found no references describing this type of chemical interaction in social wasps, even though they are often parasitized by various macroparasites as well as other social insects from the same family, e.g. polistine wasps (see later). However, we found many references describing chemical manipulation by parasites of social hymenoptera and isoptera. 

Descoins, C., Lalanne-Cassou, B Frerot, B., Malosse, C. and Renou, M. (1989). Comparative study of pheromonal secretions produced by arctiid and ctenuchid female moths (insects, Lepidoptera) from the neotropical area. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris Serie III, 309, 577-581. 

Protease inhibitors (insects) Lepidoptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera... 

This section will review selected field tests that have been carried out to establish monitoring or control systems with behavior modifying chemicals. Actually, four orders of insects, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, contain most pests for which manipulation by behavior modifying chemicals has been attempted. (A few studies of tick pheromones have been reported.) It is convenient to divide them into pests of forest and shade trees, orchard trees and vines, field crops, stored products, and those that directly afflict humans or animals. 

To date, the females of more than 150 species of insects have been reported to produce a sex attractant or excitant for the male, and males of more than 50 species have been shown to produce such materials to attract or sexually excite the females (39). Table I lists insect pests of the order Lepidoptera in which the occurrence of sex attractants has been reported since 1960. In addition, investigators... 

Materials produced by crystalliferous bacilli which elicit a toxic response in susceptible insects may be separated into two types. The first type, the true toxins, include the crystalline protein inclusion body the parasporal body of Hannay (14)], a heat-stable, water-soluble exotoxin active against flies, a heat-stable, dialyzable water-soluble exotoxin, toxic to Lepidoptera on injection (23), and a heat-labile, water-soluble, filterable exotoxin, toxic toward larch sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera) which was reported by Smirnoff (31). 

The fourth group of insects are the resistant or nonsusceptible Lepidoptera. This group would include such species as Agrotis,... 

An insect growth regulator, used to control early instar larvae of Homoptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera in citrus, cotton, and vines and fruiting vegetables The residue of concern is for the parent, fenoxycarb, only... 

DFDT closely resembles DDT in its activity against the two adult members of the Lepidoptera where they were compared, but DDT is somewhat more active against the larvae of two other insects in this order. 

Lepidoptera is the second largest insect group and includes nearly 150,000 described species, which have evolved over 100 million years since the Mesozoic era. For the birth of a new species, it must be isolated from other species by some factor to prevent inter-species crossing. The sex pheromone, which is secreted by the adult (usually by a female moth and sometimes by a male moth or butterfly) for the benefit of a specific partner, plays an important role in reproductive isolation. Therefore, it is no wonder that the chemical structures of the species-specific pheromones exhibit considerable differences. 

Silk proteins (spidroins in spiders and fibroins in Lepidoptera insects) are assembled into well-defined nanofibrillar architectures (Craig and Riekel, 2002 Eby et al., 1999 Inoue et al., 2000b, 2001 Li et al., 1994 Putthanarat et al, 2000 Vollrath et al., 1996). Spidroins and fibroins are largely constructed from two chemically distinct repetitive motifs or blocks (Table I), an insoluble crystalline block and a soluble less-crystalline block (Craig, 2003 Fedic et al., 2002 Hayashi and Lewis, 2000 Hayashi et al., 1999). The crystalline blocks are composed of short side-chained amino acids in highly repetitive sequences that give rise to /1-sheet structures. 

A trademark of amyloid fibrils is their cross-/ structure. This structure is the basis of the repetitive hydrogen-bonding extension of the fibril (Makin et al., 2005). Cross-/ structures are observed in the silk fibers of some insects (Geddes et al., 1968 Hepburn et al., 1979), although none are observed in spiders or lepidoptera (Craig, 1997). This absence has been explained by the possibility that cross-/ silks or a-silks may be converted into collinear /1-silks by stretching the fiber and an increased orientation-function correlated to the speed at which silk is formed (Riekel et al., 2000). 

Barbehenn R (2001) Roles of peritrophic membranes in protecting herbivorous insects from ingested plant allelochemicals. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 47 86-99 Barbehenn RV, Martin MM (1998) Formation of insoluble and colloidally dispersed tannic acid complexes in the midgut fluid ofManduca sexta (Lepidoptera Sphingidae) an explanation for the failure of tannic acid to cross the peritrophic envelopes of lepidopteran larvae. Arch Insect Biochem Physiol 39 109-117... 

Yu SJ (1989) Purification and characterization of gluathione S-transferase from five phytophagous Lepidoptera. Pestic Biochem Physiol 35 97-105 Yu SJ (1992) Plant allelochemical-adapted glutathione transferases in Lepidoptera. In Mullin CA, Scott JG (eds) Molecular mechanisms of resistance to herbivorous pests to natural, synthetic and bioengineering control agents. Plenum, New York, pp 174-190 Yu SJ (1996) Insect glutathione S-transferases. Zool Stud 35 9-19... 

OBPs were initially identified in Lepidoptera and later isolated and/or cloned from various insect orders, namely, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera ([16] and references therein). Recently, they have been identified from a primitive termite species [ 17], thus, suggesting that this gene family is distributed throughout the Neopteran orders. The three orders most... 

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) such as senecionine (159) (Fig. 29) are also taken up from plants by various butterflies and moths belonging to the Danainae, Ithomiinae, and Arctiidae. The chemical ecology of PAs and their role in the interaction between plants and adapted Lepidoptera were reviewed several times in details during the last decade [155-159]. These insects use them for defense and for the production of male pheromones. 

Dimethoate Organophosphate 60-51-5 1.05 -1957 Insectic. An insecticide and acaricide used to control a wide range of pests including Aphididae, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera... 

Results from these laboratory studies demonstrated that avermectin Bj had high toxicity for the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on bean plants. When applied in solution directly onto adult and nymphal spider mite populations on foliage, avermectin Bj was shown to be 50-200 times as potent as commercially available acaricides, with an LC q of 0.02-0.03 ppm. Additional tests on foliage with insects in the order Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Orthoptera, Diptera, Isoptera and Hymenoptera confirmed the broad spectrum activity and potency of the avermectin family of compounds and avermectin Bj in particular. Table II provides LC q values for avermectin Bj for the control of larval forms of several of these insects in foliar residue assays (18). 

A procedure was developed for the synthesis of Z)-5 and (Z )-7-monoene components of sex pheromones of the Lepidoptera insects based on cometathesis of ethylene and cycloocta-1,5-diene. ... 

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