Lepidoptera

A related substance with a triple bond, the acetyl-ester of hexadecenynol, is the sole female sex pheromone of the pine processionary moth (Thaume-topoea pityocampa) (Quero et al., 1997) and may be used for mass trapping. 

It may be of interest to note that in order to give a response in the male moth, the ester must be hydrolyzed in its antennae. Some fluorinated analogues of the pheromone inhibit the esterase involved in the hydrolysis and may therefore block the response (Duran et al., 1993 Parrilla and Guerrero, 1994). 

For understandable reasons, Trouvelot lost his interest in entomology, but became a clever astronomist. Materials used to fight back gypsy moth include the chemical pesticide Dimilin , an inhibitor of chitin synthesis. The biological pesticides, Bacillus thuringiensis, or naturally occurring gypsy moth virus is also quite useful. 

The pheromone lure disparlure is a synthetic gypsy moth sex pheromone introduced in 1998 under the trade name Disrupt II GM  

The cis-isomer that is shown is the natural sex pheromone of the gypsy moth. Disparlure is an aliphatic hydrocarbon (methyl-octadecan) with an epoxy group. It is used as an attractant and is formulated in plastic flakes. The racemic mixture may also be used. 

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To date, the females of more than 150 species of insects have been reported to produce a sex attractant or excitant for the male, and males of more than 50 species have been shown to produce such materials to attract or sexually excite the females (39). Table I lists insect pests of the order Lepidoptera in which the occurrence of sex attractants has been reported since 1960. In addition, investigators... 

With certain Lepidoptera, the crystalline protein alone is not sufficiently toxic to cause a quick kill, and the normal course of tissue invasion by viable bacilli must take place to kill the host. Indeed, this is probably required for the bulk of susceptible Lepidoptera. However, the ability of crystal alone to produce kill (and similar singular action of another toxin produced by these bacilli on flies) places the compounds within the realm of true toxicants and mandates their consideration as chemical entities. 

Materials produced by crystalliferous bacilli which elicit a toxic response in susceptible insects may be separated into two types. The first type, the true toxins, include the crystalline protein inclusion body the parasporal body of Hannay (14)], a heat-stable, water-soluble exotoxin active against flies, a heat-stable, dialyzable water-soluble exotoxin, toxic to Lepidoptera on injection (23), and a heat-labile, water-soluble, filterable exotoxin, toxic toward larch sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera) which was reported by Smirnoff (31). 

Type 2. A heat-stable material, toxic upon injection, which produces a mortality in various Lepidoptera (23). 

The toxin kills larvae and/or pupae of some Diptera and Lepidoptera and acts primarily by prevention of completion of pupation. It is produced in cultures prior to sporulation (9,26) and remains in the supernatant liquid of sporulated cultures. Its chemical structure is not known, but initial isolation and purification studies are under way (9). One cannot, however, leave a discussion of this toxin with a feeling of certainty. Burgerjon and deBarjac (7) and Krieg and Herfs (20) reported the above-mentioned effectiveness of the soluble... 

Midgut paralysis in susceptible Lepidoptera Septicemia following penetration to hemocoel Prevention of emergence of certain fly pupae Mortality in Anagasta kuhniella... 

The fourth group of insects are the resistant or nonsusceptible Lepidoptera. This group would include such species as Agrotis,... 

The optically active Trogoderma -pheromones ( )- and (Z)-24have been synthesized starting from (5)-citronellol and 4-pentynoic acid [192], Alkatrienes 25, sex attractants of Lepidoptera, were prepared by mixed Kolbe electrolysis with linolenoic acid [193], 26, the pheromone of the German cockroach Blattela Germanica has been prepared from 3-methylheneicosanoic acid [194], ( ) — Tuberculostearic acid (27) has been... 

McCaffery, A.R. (1998). Resistance to insecticides in heliothine Lepidoptera a global view. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 353, 1735-1750. 

The second B. thuringiensis toxin, the /3-exotoxin has a much broader spectrum encompassing the Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera. It is an adenine nucleotide, probably an ATP analogue which acts by competitively inhibiting enzymes which catalyse the hydrolysis of ATP and pyrophosphate. This compound, however, is toxic when administered to mammals so that commercial preparations of the B. thuringiensis 5-endotoxin are obtained from strains which do not produce the j8-exotoxin. 

Additional information relating to cyanogenesis polymorphisms can be found in a recent paper by Schappert and Shore (1999) who stndied the phenomenon in Turnera ulmifolia L. (Tnmeraceae), which is used by Euptoieta hegesia (Lepidoptera Nym-phalidae) as its primary host plant. 

Alanycarb is an oxime carbamate insecticide with outstanding control of many important Lepidoptera pests of agricultural crops. Major features of this product include mammalian safety, excellent residual activity and absence of phytotoxicity on many agricultural crops... 

An insect growth regulator, used to control early instar larvae of Homoptera, Lepidoptera, and Coleoptera in citrus, cotton, and vines and fruiting vegetables The residue of concern is for the parent, fenoxycarb, only... 

Avilla, J. Teixido, A. Velasquez, C. Alvarenga, N. Ferro, E. Canela, R. Insecticidal activity of Maytenus species (Celastraceae) nortriterpene quinone methide against codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera Tortricidae). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 88-92. 

DFDT closely resembles DDT in its activity against the two adult members of the Lepidoptera where they were compared, but DDT is somewhat more active against the larvae of two other insects in this order. 

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