Insects cattle ticks

Chen A, Holmes SP, Pietrantonio PV. Molecular cloning and functional expression of a serotonin receptor from the Southern cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Acari Ixodidae). Insect Mol Biol 2004 13 45-54. 

Starting in 1908 in the orchards of the Pacific northwest, the cases of resistance before World War II and the era of the synthetic organics involved the HCN used against scale insects on citrus, the arsenicals used against orchard caterpillars and cattle ticks, and tartar emetic applied against the tiny insect pests called thrips as now, many instances originated in California (Table I). The resistance mechanisms were investigated in two of... 

The formamidine acaricides and insecticides, chlordimeform and ami-traz, are lethal to all life stages of acarines, but their activity to insects is considerably more restricted (1). Using the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, and the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, the structural requirements of formamidines for lethality have been elucidated ( -5), an< t ie structure (lethal moiety) for maximum activity is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, the ring must contain two substituents, and they must be located at positions two and four maximum activity was observed when position... 

Baxter, G. D, and Barker, S. C, (199H). Acetylcholinesterase cDNA ol the cattle tick, Boophilus mk mplits Characicfizaiion and role in nrganophosphaie resistance. Insect, Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28,5S1-5S9. 

Debruyne, M. and P. M. Guerin, Isolation of 2,6-dichlorophenol from the cattle tick Boophilus microplus Receptor cell responses but no evidence for a behavioral response. J Insect Physiol, 1994. 40(2) 143-154. 

Uses Technical coumaphos is a tan crystalline solid with a slight sulfur odor. The USEPA has grouped it under GUP. Coumaphos is extensively used for the control of a wide variety of livestock insects, including cattle grubs, screw worms, lice, scabies, flies, and ticks. It is used against ectoparasites, which are insects that live on the outside of host animals (e.g., sheep, goats, horses, pigs, poultry). 

Uses Trichlorfon is a pale, clear, white, or yellow crystalline solid with an ethyl ether odor. It is a solid at room temperature. Trichlorfon is grouped by the USEPA under GUP. Trichlorfon is used for the control of a variety of insect pests, (e.g., cockroaches, crickets, silverfish, bedbugs, fleas, cattle grubs, flies, ticks, leafminers, leafhoppers). It has extensive use in agriculture, applied to vegetable, fruit, and field crops. 

Fenthion is a broad spectrum insecticide. When applied as a surface spray, it controls adult mosquitoes and other insect pests and spiders in agricultural, horticultural, and home garden use. Recent reports indicate that resistance to fenthion has developed in some species of mosquitoes. Fenthion is used in dermal application for treatment of swine and cattle for control of lice, flies, and ticks, and in flea and tick treatments for pets. It is also used in aqueous applications to kill dragonfly larvae in ornamental fish production ponds. Fenthion is an effective avicide, and has been marketed to control birds considered to be pests. 

Rotenone has been used for centuries as a fish poison. Rotenone is used as an insecticide around the garden to control chewing insects on vegetables, fruits, and forage crops. Rotenone is also used as a dust on cattle and in dog and sheep dip formulations for scabies, chiggers, fleas, ticks, lice, and mange. 

On farms while cattle arc the most affected by insects, poultry and sheep have many specihc pesL problems, However, aiE livestock share common pests. The most serious of these are flies, grubs, ticks anti lice. 

Spinosyns have also been found to control insect vectors [16, 17]. They have been shown to be effective in preventing breeding of mosquitoes in plastic containers at low concentrations for up to eight weeks [18], and have also been reported to control tsetse fly [19]. Recent studies have demonstrated the utility of spinosyns for use in control of parasitic pests in humans and other mammals. Spinosad is currently used for control of blowfly and lice in sheep in Australia [20], and also has been reported to control both ticks and fleas in cattle [21] and in companion animals [22]. It is also currently prescribed in use in humans for control of head lice [23]. 

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