Inorganic salts and acids

In aqueous solution containing only Fe(ll) salts, H2O2, stable inorganic salts and acids, the stoichiometric reaction is followed if the iron salt is in excess over the peroxide,... 

Water was doubly distilled over permanganate. The different inorganic salts and acids were of analytical grades. Purified mercury was triple distilled under vacuum before use. 

Zlokarnik [623] made use of this possibility in his investigations. They consisted of measuring kia values by means of manometric method, see Section 4.3.1.2 and Fig. 4.2, at constant stirrer speed for a large number of aqueous solutions of inorganic salts and acids with different concentrations in the absorption of pure nitrogen. They were represented in the form of the enhancement factor m (qt physical absorption ... 

The solvents used were (a) HPLC grade methanol and acetonitrile (Fisher Scientific) (b) water, double-distilled and stored in glass. Inorganic salts and acid (ammonium sulfate, potassium phosphate monobasic, potassium phosphate dibasic and phosphoric acid, 85%) were analytical reagent grade (Malllnckrodt Chemical Works). 

According to the definition we will use here, a chemical species represent expressis verbis the molecular arrangement of a particular metal or metal compound. This may include free aquated ions, distinct chemical compounds (such as dissolved inorganic salts and acids, or solid oxides, sulfides, and carbonates), as well as thermodynamically unstable aggregates (like dissolved and solid organic complexes, colloids or coprecipitates) either naturally available or as a result of man s activity. 

Saito, S., Taniguchi, T., Matsuyama, H., Precipitation of nonionic surfactants by polymeric acids additive effects of inorganic salts and acids (in German), Colloid Polym. ScL, 1976, 254, 882-889. 

The essential basis of the scheme for the separation of water-soluble compounds is, therefore, distillation of (a) an aqueous solution of the mixture, (b) an alkaline (with sodium hydroxide) solution of the mixture, and (c) an acidic (with sulphuric oj phosphoric acid) solution of the mixture. The residue will contain the non-volatile components, which must be separated from inorganic salts and from each other by any suitable process. 

The development of a suitable solvent system is important for successful operation. Solvent systems generally consist of at least the following components extractant, diluent, inorganic salts or acids, and water. The relative optimization of these components yields the best conditions with which to achieve separation. A key factor to success is the choice of the appropriate extractant. Many extractants may be used for REE separation. These may be divided into three groups on the basis of the mechanisms involved. These extractants are tisted in Table 7. 

Sulfonation of castor oil using anhydrous SO yields a product having better hydrolytic stabiUty than that from the sulfuric acid reaction. The organically combined SO is low compared to the amount of SO introduced to the reaction the final product contains only 8.0—8.5 wt % combined SO although 17 wt % SO is added. The product contains less inorganic salts and free fatty acids than the sulfuric acid product (36). 

Molecular Interactions. Various polysaccharides readily associate with other substances, including bile acids and cholesterol, proteins, small organic molecules, inorganic salts, and ions. Anionic polysaccharides form salts and chelate complexes with cations some neutral polysaccharides form complexes with inorganic salts and some interactions are stmcture specific. Starch amylose and the linear branches of amylopectin form inclusion complexes with several classes of polar molecules, including fatty acids, glycerides, alcohols, esters, ketones, and iodine/iodide. The absorbed molecule occupies the cavity of the amylose helix, which has the capacity to expand somewhat to accommodate larger molecules. The starch—Hpid complex is important in food systems. Whether similar inclusion complexes can form with any of the dietary fiber components is not known. 

Dimethyl-l,10-phenanthrolinedisulfonic acid, di-Na salt (H2O) (bathocuproine-disulfonic acid di-Na salt) [52698-84-7] M 564.5, pKEst 0 (for free acid). Inorganic salts and some coloured species can be removed by dissolving the crude material in the minimum volume of water and precipitating by adding EtOH. Purified reagent can be obtained by careful evapn of the filtrate. 

A solution of 20.7 g (0.1 mmol) of (46 ,56 )-5-amino-2.2-dimethyl-4-phenyl-l,3-dioxane and 19.4 g (0.1 mol) of 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-2-propanone in 70 mL of CH3OH is warmed to 60 "C and 9 mL of acetic acid is added. After 15 min the mixture is cooled with an ice bath. The precipitated product is filtered off, stirred with 1 L of water for 1 h to dissolve inorganic salts, and again collected by filtration. Drying over NaOH and recrystallization from CH3OH gives the product yield 33.6 g (82%) mp 127 128°C [a] 2 + 85.7 (c = 1, CHC1,). 

The various methods that are used for the production of aromatic acids from the corresponding substituted toluenes are outlined in Figure 1. The first two methods -chlorination/hydrolysis and nitric acid oxidation - have the disadvantage of relatively low atom utilization (ref. 13) with the concomitant inorganic salt production. Catalytic autoxidation, in contrast, has an atom utilization of 87% (for Ar=Ph) and produces no inorganic salts and no chlorinated or nitrated byproducts. It consumes only the cheap raw material, oxygen, and produces water as the only byproduct. 

Me3SiCl 14 (40 mmol) is added with stirring to a solution of 20 mmol benTyl benzoate and 40 mmol Nal in 20 mb abs. acetonitrile. The reaction mixture is then heated under reflux for 4 h, cooled to room temperature, and 50 mb H2O is added to saponify the trimethylsilyl benzoate. The reaction mixture is then taken up in 2 X 50 mb ether, which is washed successively with H2O and aqueous thiosulfate solution to remove inorganic salts and iodine. The benzoic acid is then extracted with 2 X 15 mb aqueous 15% NaHC03 solution, leaving benzyl iodide and traces of unreacted benzyl benzoate in the ether layer. On acidification of the aqueous NaHC03 extract 80% benzoic acid is recovered [1] (Scheme 6.17). 

The polyester resins are resistant to dilute mineral acids, inorganic salts and many solvents. They are less resistant to alkalies. 

Xiao-Hua Yang et al. [ 1 ] determined nanomolar concentrations of individual low molecular weight carboxylic acids (and amines) in seawater. Diffusion of the acids across a hydrophobic membrane was used to concentrate and separate carboxylic acids from inorganic salts and most other organic compounds prior to the application of ion chromatography. Acetic propionic acid, butyric-1 acid, butyric-2 acid, valeric and pyruvic acid, acrylic acid and benzoic acid were all found in reasonable concentrations in seawater. 

---