Chlorine hydrolysis

Dry chlorine has a great affinity for absorbing moisture, and wet chlorine is extremely corrosive, attacking most common materials except HasteUoy C, titanium, and tantalum. These metals are protected from attack by the acids formed by chlorine hydrolysis because of surface oxide films on the metal. Tantalum is the preferred constmction material for service with wet and dry chlorine. Wet chlorine gas is handled under pressure using fiberglass-reinforced plastics. Rubber-lined steel is suitable for wet chlorine gas handling up to 100°C. At low pressures and low temperatures PVC, chlorinated PVC, and reinforced polyester resins are also used. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDE), and... 

Hypochlorous acid undergoes a variety of reactions with organic substances including addition, oxidation, C- and iV-chlorination, and ester formation. On an industrial scale, hypochlorous acid, generated m situ via chlorine hydrolysis, reacts with propylene forming primarily the a-propjlene chlorohydrin isomer. 

Stable A/-chloro compounds are formed by reaction of hypochlorous acid and appropriate N—H compounds. For example, HOCl, formed in situ via chlorine hydrolysis, converts di- or trisodium cyanurates to dichloro- and trichloroiso-cyanuric acids, respectively (114). Chloroisocyanurates can also be prepared from isocyanuric acid or monosodium cyanurate and preformed HOCl (115—117). Hydrolysis of chloroisocyanurates provide HOCl for use in swimming pool disinfection and in bleaching appHcations. 

The various methods that are used for the production of aromatic acids from the corresponding substituted toluenes are outlined in Figure 1. The first two methods -chlorination/hydrolysis and nitric acid oxidation - have the disadvantage of relatively low atom utilization (ref. 13) with the concomitant inorganic salt production. Catalytic autoxidation, in contrast, has an atom utilization of 87% (for Ar=Ph) and produces no inorganic salts and no chlorinated or nitrated byproducts. It consumes only the cheap raw material, oxygen, and produces water as the only byproduct. 

Wang, T., and D. W. Margerum, Kinetics of Reversible Chlorine Hydrolysis Temperature Dependence and General Acid/Base-Assisted Mechanisms, Inorg. Chem., 33, 1050-1055 (1994). 

In this context, pyranoid sugar enolones of type 8, or 9, i. e. those that carry chiral centers on either side of the enolone structural element, are even more powerful building blocks stereoselectivities in addition reactions. They are accessible in various substituted forms from the respective hydroxyglycal esters in another, preparatively delightful reaction channel, a chlorination - hydrolysis elimination sequence (27, 28). 

Wang T. X. and Margemm D. W. (1994) Kinetics of reversible chlorine hydrolysis temperature dependence and general-acid/base-assisted mechanisms. Inorg. Chem. 33, 1050-1055. 

The redox chemistry of chlorine (hydrolysis and disproportionation of CI2 and acid-base properties of HOCl) was reviewed in Section 8.2 (see Figure 8.5). 

Crystals from rt-hexane 4- benzene, mp 75-76. Practical ly insol in water (soly at 25 — ] I ppm) slightly sol in hex-ue readily sot In benzene, ethylene dichloride, Hydrolyzed by alkali with Liberation of the terminal chlorine. Hydrolysis under acidic conditions gives 3-chloroacrylic acid. LD orally in rats 600 mg /kg, Bailey White, Residue Rev. 10, 97(1965). 

New and enlarged uses for the amyl alcohols and their derivatives, particularly in pyroxylin lacquers, have called for enlarged production, which could not remain dependent upon incidental fusel oil from molasses and potatq fermentation. This new production has come from the pentanes of natural gasoline through the chlorination-hydrolysis process developed by Ayres. ... 

The solubility of chlorine in water at low partial pressures is greater than would be predicted by Henryks law. This deviation is attributed to the chemical reaction of chlorine with water. In order to model this system, the first step is to write out the mass action equations for the interphase and Intraphase equilibria. The chlorine hydrolysis reaction is written ... 

Phenol Chlorination, hydrolysis Bayonet heaters, HCl absorbers Tantalum equipment used in Raschig process... 

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