Microorganisms inoculation

Microbial challenge tests have been conducted to determine the effects of EFs on the inactivation kinetics of selected microorganisms inoculated in foods or model substrates. The tests involved applying the EE intensity and application duration/ frequency, which caused inactivation of a maximum number of microorganisms without dielectric breakdown of the foods. 

MBC 99.9% the lowest concentratbn of the formulation (mg/dm ) at which the biocidal activity is expressed as 99.9% reduction in the number of mbroorganisms compared to the starting quantity of the microorganism inoculated in the tested formulation. 

KATZNELSON H. 1940. Survival of microorganisms inoculated into sterilized soil. Soil Science, 49, 211-217. 

This can be a dangerous procedure due to the potential growth of food poisoning bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus (31). This method of inoculation requites a very strict condition to assure the absence of not only bacteria associated with a health hazard but also those associated with product failure (proteolytic, greening, and gas-forming microorganisms). 

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration measured by dilution of test compound in agar inoculated with microorganism. 

The yeast must be so finely dispersed throughout the wort that a quick yeast growth is assured, which leaves no possibiUty for other microorganisms, if any, to develop. The inoculation of yeast occurs through injection directly into the wort pipe. To be used in the next batch of wort, the yeast that is harvested after the end of fermentation must be protected against contamination. 

To prevent contamination with undesirable microorganisms, the fermentor and auxiUary equipment must be sterilized before inoculation. This is achieved by steam, ie, at least 20 min at 121°C. The incoming air is filtered. 

Seeding Introduction of microorganisms (such as ALKEN CLEAR-FLO 1000 series for aquaculture, 4000 series for grease, and 7000 series for industrial and municipal wastewater) into a biological oxidation unit to minimize the time required to build a biological sludge. Also referred to as inoculation with cultured organisms. 

Batch processing A processing technique in which a bioreactor is supplied with substrate and essential nutrients, sterilized and inoculated with microorganisms, and the process is run to completion followed by removal of products. 

This material was made up with distilled water to provide 41 g per liter, and the mixture was adjusted to pH 7.0 with potassium hydroxide solution. To the mixture were added per liter 5.0 g of calcium carbonate and 7.5 ml of soybean oil. 2,000 ml portions of this medium were then added to fermentation vessels, equipped with stirrers and aeration spargers, and sterilized at 121°C for 60 minutes. After cooling the flasks were inoculated with a suspension of strain No. ATCC 11924 of Streptomyces lavendulae, obtained from the surface of agar slants. The flasks were stirred for 4 days at 28°C at approximately 1,700 rpm. At the end of this period the broth was found to contain cycloserine in the amount of about 250 C.D.U./ml of broth. The mycelium was separated from the broth by filtration. The broth had a pH of about 7.5. Tests showed it to be highly active against a variety of microorganisms. 

Batch fermentation means the cultivation of microorganisms, where the sterile growth medium in desired volume is inoculated with the microorganisms into the bioreactor and no additional growth medium is added during the fermentation. The product will be harvested at the end of the process. Typically, PHA s production is performed using batch fermentation because of low cost for investment and no special control. In addition, sterilization of the feed stock is easier than other fermentation processes, and operation is flexible. 

Only a few studies have been undertaken on the role of bacteria in nitrosation at neutral pH in the Intestinal tract itself. Hashimoto al. (9 ) demonstrated that by changing the equilibrium between different species of microorganisms in the gut, (by administration of antibiotics and inoculation with nitrate-reducing strains) dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) accumulated in the stomach and cecum of rats fed dlmethylamine (DMA) and nitrate. The authors describe only one experimental group, however, and the mechanism of NDMA formation is not clear. 

Margesin R, F Schinner (1997) Efficiency of indigenous and inoculated cold-adapted soil microorganisms for biodegradation of diesel oil in alpine oils. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 2660-2664. 

A. A. Meharg and K. Kilham, Loss of exudates from the roots of perennial ryegrass inoculated with a range of microorganisms. Plant Soil (70 345 (1995). 

J. J. Patel, Microorganisms in the rhizosphere of plants inoculated with Azotobucter chroococcum, Plant and Soil 57 209 (1969). 

Several studies have shown that ferrated pyoverdine-type siderophores can be used as iron sources for plants when added to soils (79,80). However, to date almost all attempts to supply iron to plants by inoculation of hydroponic solutions with siderophore-producing bacteria or by inoculating soils with pseudomonads have been unsuccessful (58,63,81). In experiments with cucumber, inoculation of a hydroponic medium with P. putida or with soil microorganisms and amend-... 

Water extendible metalworking fluids are susceptible to contamination by microorganisms, used coolants in particular can be very easily colonised. Metalworking systems are open to the air and are constantly inoculated with micro-organisms. Sources of inoculum include ... 

With the extraction procedure we employed (22), ferulic acid was isolated as the most inhibitory component in wheat straw. There could also be other unknown compounds in the straw which would not be evident with this procedure. In addition, we ignored the possible influence of toxin-producing microorganisms. Microorganisms may have influenced the phytotoxicity exhibited by the aqueous wheat extract in Table IX. Although the present study was not concerned with the phytotoxic effects of microbially decomposed wheat straw, an influence of microbial activity on ferulic acid phytotoxicity was observed. From the results shown in Table XI, it appears that the presence of the prickly sida seed carpel enhanced the inhibitory effects of ferulic acid. In addition to ferulic acid in test solutions containing prickly sida seeds with carpels, a second compound, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy styrene, was also found to be present. This compound is formed by the decarboxylation of ferulic acid and was produced by a bacterium present on the carpel of prickly sida seed. The decarboxylation of ferulic acid was detected in aqueous solutions of ferulic acid inoculated with the bacterium isolated from the carpels of prickly sida seed. No conversion occurred when the bacterium was not present. 

Roslev P, Madesn PL, Thyme JB, Henriksen K (1998) Degradation of phthalate and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate by indigenous and inoculated microorganisms in sludge-amended soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 4711 -719... 

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