Innovation environmental protection

T. Pheiffei, "Case Study of the Eglin Ait Eoice Base Ground Water Bioremediation System," in Innovative Operational Treatment Technologiesfor Application to Supefund Sites Nine Case Studies U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C., 1990. 

Shallow innovation can appear to be an attractive strategy. Particularly where a specific ingredient is a cause for concern, finding a substitute looks like the quickest and most cost-effective solution. Organisations like the Environmental Protection Agency in the US have collated tables of known substitutes for materials where the environmental or health and safety profile have caused concern. This approach is particularly used for solvents, and has been quite effective. ... 

Venosa, A.D. and Swanson, G.R., Innovative Technology Evaluation Report for the High Energy Electron Injection (E-Beamj Technology, EPA 600-R-02-066, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, 2002. 

U.S. EPA, Database for ET Cover System, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Remediation Technology Innovation Program, 2009. Available at http //cluin.org/products/altcovers. 

Lapique F, Valentin G, Storck A (1993) Electrochemical engineering for environmental protection, Electrochem Processing, Innovations and Progress, April 21-23, Glasgow... 

Steps have been taken by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to reduce the amount of toxic metal ions in the environment. For example, large concentrations of lead have been shown to be lethal to humans. The maximum amount of lead tolerated in drinking water according to the WHO and the EPA, is 0.05 mg/l(9l) and 0.5 mg/I,(92) respectively. For this reason, innovative techniques to measure low concentrations of metal ions are emerging. 

With regard to innovation processes the significance and the direct effectiveness of individual committed promoters or blockers with their individual motives such as profit or occupational health and safety, consumer protection or environmental protection should, however, not be overestimated. Although committed promoters do play an important part in most substitution processes, a closer look at the individual case samples very quickly reveals their structural futility. Complex innovative processes cannot be moved by a limited number of actors or even by individuals alone. Many substitution processes simply do not progress, despite the fact that we cannot observe any definite opponents . These innovations are not impeded, they only become stuck, as the inertia of the system is simply too high. In order to gain an appropriate comprehension of the ability (and not just the... 

On the basis of this experience, for the one part, and the results of innovation research driven by occupational health and safety and environmental protection to date, for the other part, the research tactic was developed to examine the driving forces and the restrictive factors as well as the appropriate framework conditions of substitution processes using case studies with the objective of deducing recommendations for action for present and future substitution cases. 

Starting point in innovation research (driven by occupational health and safety and environmental protection)... 

Innovation process Unlike silencers, a substitute for ceramic fibres in catalytic converters is not yet available because very stringent technical requirements have to be met. The test cycles and clarification of the technical and other properties (occupational health and safety and environmental protection) are also correspondingly extensive. Solutions are being developed in cooperation with manufacturers, users and official bodies. 

Table 1 gives cost and maintenance information for the frozen barrier installed as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Table 2 gives physical design data for the ORNL project. 

Based on data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration, the total cost for PF extraction was estimated to be 307/kg of trichloroethene (TCE) removed. This demonstration was conducted over a 4-week period in August and September of 1992 at an industrial site in Somerville, New Jersey. The cost estimate includes expenses associated with both PF and soil vapor extraction. Major cost factors were labor (29%), capital equipment (22%), VOC emission control (19%), site preparation (11%), and residuals management (10%) (D10589F, p. v). 

According to a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) report, treatment costs for the BioGenesis soil washing technology are affected by the following factors ... 

Based on data from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (ERA) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) demonstration program, the cost for using this technology to treat liquid wastes was calculated. Treatment costs vary with the system utilization rates. These cost estimates were 2000 per ton (1994 U.S. dollars) for a utilization rate of 60% 1850 per ton for a rate of 70% and 1670 per ton for a rate of 80%. The site preparation cost was 127,400. The feed rates used for this analysis were assumed to be 2.2 kg/min of wastewater and 0.485 kg/min of waste oil. The waste streams were simultaneously injected into the reactor. Labor proved to be the most important element affecting cost (52%), followed by site preparation (15%), supplies (12%), and startup/mobilization (12%) (D187160, p. 19). 

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