Innovation description

While a truly detailed model would actually be concerned with details of this implementation (even if it is not viewed as such) they are of no concern to the cybernetic model. There is of course no direct way of confirming an optimal strategy so that its acceptability must be based on experimental evidence pertaining to its implications. This has been the basis of some criticism of the cybernetic approach [6], It is emphasized here that formulations of optimal policies must be construed merely as innovative description (prediction) of observed phenomena rather than as "ultimate" explanations. In this connection, it is important to recognize that the approach could lead to many new and interesting experiments. An example of the cybernetic approach to microbial growth may be found in the work of Swanson, Arls Fredrickson and Tsuchiya [7,8], who were specially concerned with the lag phase in single substrate systems. 

Find a description of an innovative composite structure, device, or object in a publication such as Aviation Week and Space Technology, Mechanicai Engineering, Civii Engineering, etc. and write a synopsis of its important characteristics. 

The following two project descriptions relate to demonstrations of innovative ex situ treatment systems for groundwater contaminated with MTBE and other oxygenates. 

The computer age has brought about considerable innovation in the operation of laboratory instrumentation. One consequence of this is the wider acceptance and utilization of the optical microscope as a quantitative analytical instrument. A brief literature survey illustrates the diversity of disciplines and optical methods associated with the development of computer interfaced optical microscopy. This is followed by a description of how our methods of fluorescence, interferometry and stereology, nsed for characterizing polymeric foams, have incorporated computers. 

The article by Rovira10 stands out for the clarity of its ideas. It sets out an up-to-date description of the pharmaceutical industry and the Spanish market before and after the single market, and its chief merit is its suggestions for a common strategy for the EU. The diagnosis focuses on three points the need for different policies for innovative and non-innovative products, the importance of expected benefits as an incentive for innovation and the existence of conflicts of objectives at national level and between national and EU interests, the solution of which requires compromises of different sorts. 

A patent may be described as a monopoly granted by a government to an inventor, such that only the inventor may exploit the invention/innovation for a fixed period of time (up to 20 years). In return, the inventor makes available a detailed technical description of the invention/innovation so that, when the monopoly period has expired, it may be exploited by others without the inventor s permission. 

As with any patent application, to obtain a patent on a gene, genetic component (e.g., EST or SNP), or diagnostic or therapeutic method, the applicant must demonstrate the utility, novelty, and nonobviousness of the discovery. The applicant must also supply a disclosure and written description of the subject of the proposed patent that is sufficient in detail to show that the inventor had possession of the claimed subject matter at the time of application and to enable one skilled in the field to make use of the claimed subject matter. Although the fundamental elements of patentability have been in place for decades for protection of such innovations as new mechani-... 

The primary focus of this section is on the description and applications of the recent innovations of newly emerging information services based on the personal computer (PC). 

Skeggs innovative step, the introduction of air bubbles into the flowing stream, attempted to minimize the time taken for a steady-state condition to be reached in the detector. The definitive description of dispersion in segmented streams (Snyder [37]) showed a complex relationship between internal diameter, liquid flow rate, segmentation frequency, residence time in the flow system, viscosity of the hquid and surface tension. 

Among the known elements, 91 occur naturally. The remainder represents an increasing number of new and artificially produced elements that reflect the innovative work of modern scientists. Arranged by atomic number and with a brief description, here is a comprehensive list of the known elements. 

FFF is still a growing area of research and there are specific fields of application pushing toward innovations both in terms of instrumentation and methodology. For example, MgFFF has been developed specifically for stem cell research, and FIFFF (either FIF FIFFF or AsFlFFF and traditional FIFFF) is driven overall by pharmaceutical-biological applications. In addition, as for others analytical techniques, the new tendency for FFF is toward miniaturization of the instruments. As examples we cite the hollow fiber channel for FIFFF [49], the microthermal unit developed by Janca [50], the microthermal-electrical unit by Gale and coworkers [51], or the SPLITT cells by Hoyos and coworkers [52]. In this regard, we should say that some important but very specialized topics were not reviewed here such as the SPLITT cells and separation channels similar to FFF that are useful for preparative aims, as they would require a detailed description which has already been reported in books and reviews [53,54]. 

The patent application document may be considered under a number of headings (Table 2.2). After the title comes the abstract, which identifies the innovation and the innovation area. Relevant prior art is then overviewed in detail in the background section. This is drawn mainly from published research articles and pre-existing patents. An adequate preparation of this section relies on prior completion of a comprehensive literature and patent search. Next, a short paragraph that details the problem the innovation will solve is presented. This should emphasize why the innovation should be considered novel and non-obvious. This in turn is followed by a detailed technical description of the innovation, such that an ordinary person skilled in the art could reproduce it. If, for example, microbial cultures or animal cells form part of the innovation, these must be deposited in an approved depository (e.g. the American Type Culture... 

Background to patent application Outline of problems the innovation will solve Detailed technical description of innovation The specific patent claims... 

Commercial pharmaceutical companies frequently use pay-as-you-go strategies. Examples include buying R8rD ideas from biotech companies ( external innovation ) and paying outside contractors to conduct experiments and cHnical trials. Some virtual pharma companies purchase almost all of their R8rD from outside vendors (see Maurer [2005] for a detailed description.)... 

The section of TSCA that will most directly effect innovation, research, and development in new chemicals is premanufacturing notification. Consequently, a more detailed description of this program would be appropriate. 

Bleomycin A2 (32) is a complex molecule, and its synthesis involves many steps 7-10 To conform to space limitations, in this description of bleomycin synthesis coverage will be limited to key reactions exhibiting innovative chemistry or important stereochemical outcomes. 

One of the most innovative approaches to ceramic and glass processing is the sol-gel technique. A brief description of the process is given below. The sol-gel route of making any glass or ceramic involves the formation of the... 

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