Multipoint injection

For either the in-line or hybrid analyzers, the ions injected into the TOF section must all begin their flight down the TOF tube at the same instant if arrival times of ions at a detector are to be used to measure m/z values (see Chapter 26, TOF Ion Optics ). For the hybrid TOF instruments, the ion detector is usually a microchannel plate ion counter (see Chapter 30, Comparison of Multipoint Collectors (Detectors) of Ions Arrays and MicroChannel Plates ). 

The performance of the catalytic converter is affected by the conditions of air/fuel control provided by the fuel metering system. A slowly responding fuel metering system can dramatically decrease the conversion efficiency of the converter compared to a fast response multipoint fuel injection system. 

The simultaneous splitting and distribution of solids-gas mixtures for applications requiring multipoint injection, where the mixtures are transported usually under positive-pressure conditions. Some common examples include tuyere injection for blast furnaces, large burner nozzles for pulverized coal-fired boilers, small coal-fired plasma torches providing startup and support energy for boilers, injection of pulverized fuel into calciners, etc. 

Multipoint attachment theory, 24 247 Multi-point fuel injection system, 10 51 Multiproduct batch processes, 20 723 Multipurpose batch pilot plants, 19 459 Multipurpose canister (MPC), radioactive waste transport in, 25 855 Multipurpose/multiproduct batch plants, 26 1000... 

The estimate of the fill time shows that a more detailed study of injection strategy and process parameters is necessary because it is difficult to reach an acceptable production economy with a fill time of about 1 h. An obvious action would be to choose a more efficient resin distribution method than a one-point inlet (e.g., peripheral injection or a multipoint injection). In addition, it would be worthwhile to try to lower the viscosity and increase the pressure. 

The use of multiple sample injections (up to a maximum of three) was found to enhance S/N, i.e., the S/N is slightly higher than the square root of the number of injected sample plugs. In addition, multipoint detections of a two-component sample [700,701] or four-component sample [699] were also achieved, but the separation resolution was not as good as that obtained from the conventional single-point detection [701]. Besides Fourier transform, wavelet transform was also used in multipoint fluorescent detection to retain some time information in addition to the frequency information [702]. 

Two calibration methods were recommended multipoint calibration of at least four levels over the range of masses injected (each compound being quantified within the calibration range), and response factors used where the mass of the determinand was within 10-15% of the mass of the calibrant. 

Euro 2 targets were achieved via multipoint fuel injection and three-way catalysts ... 

Euro 4 targets required the introduction of sequential multipoint fuel injection and starter three-way catalysts. 

In its energy predictions for 2030, the Finnish National Research Council shows that despite environmental issues the internal combustion engine has been actually saved from obsolescence by changes to the engine itself. These changes include exhaust gas recirculation, multipoint fuel injection, closed-loop air ratio... 

The kinetic energy of the gas or vapor entering the tower and the position of the entrance are both critical. Packing vendors can provide guidelines in some cases, multipoint gas introduction into a tower will be required. Also, the vertical distance between the point of injection and the bottom of the bed is important for small columns, this distance should be at least one diameter, and at least... 

Thus far it has not been demonstrated that acceptable driveability can be achieved for a vehicle operating at 20-22 1 A/F other than by a very high level of equipment, i.e. total electronic closed loop management with multipoint fuel injection. However, even at that level, it is not possible to achieve severe legislation limits without provision of a COC to remove hydrocarbon species (ref. 13). Nevertheless, it is evident that substantial progress has been achieved and that in the European context a fourth control strategy is potentially available for mid-range vehicles. 

The external standard is appropriate when there is little to no matrix effect between standards and samples unless the same matrix is used for preparation of standards. To illustrate this elimination of a matrix effect, consider the situation whereby an aqueous sample is extracted using a nonpolar solvent. The reference standard used to construct the ES calibration is usually in an organic solvent such as methanol, hexane, or iso-octane. The analytes of interest are now also in a similar organic solvent. ES is also appropriate when the instrument is stable and the volume of injection of a liquid sample can be reproduced with good precision. A single or multipoint calibration curve is usually established when using this mode. 

Multipoint calibration covering one or more orders of magnitude above the 0.1-ppb instrument detection limit (IDE) for C-GC-ECD based on a 1-pL injection volume with a 10 1 split ratio should satisfy a minimum correlation coefficient of 0.9500. Correlation coefficients are calculated within the Turbochrom (PE-Nelson) software itself or by using a computer program. 

Precision can be evaluated for the triphcate injections of the ICV following establishment of the multipoint calibration by calculating a confidence limit for the interpolated value for the ICV eoneentration expressed in ppb. 

Several important innovations were also introduced on the process side, such as multipoint injection of hydrogen peroxide and the use of cost-reducing water as solvent for phenol. The process is expected to be commercialized in India by the year 2000. 

Port fuel injectors (PFIs) are employed in SI automotive engines for fuel deliveiy. The PFI system in gasoline engines, also called multipoint fuel injection (MPl) system, in which each cylinder receives fuel from its own fuel injector located close to the intake valve has taken the place of carburetors in modem engines [1]. 

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