Peripheral injection

Electrophysiology and neuroimaging Similar to LSD, peripheral injections of mescaline produce desynchronization of the EEG and increase arousal in the rat (Colasanti and Khazan 1975). This period asts for 2-3 hours, and is followed by a period of slow-wave and REM sleep with normal sleep cycles. 

Sternberg D, Martinez J, Gold PE, McGaugh JL. 1985. Age-related memory deficits in rats and mice enhancement with peripheral injections of epinephrine. Behav Neural Biol 44(2) 213-220. 

Constipation, nausea, peripheral injection site reactions, headache, diarrhea Occasional (4%-3%)... 

Rule-of-thumb estimates of the fill time are available for a few simple cases. One example that is useful in practice is the result for a square plate with side L. The expressions for the constant C for point injection, edge injection, and peripheral injection has been summarized in Table 12.2. These three elementary cases can often be used to get a relatively good estimate of the fill time even in cases with complicated geometry. 

The estimate of the fill time shows that a more detailed study of injection strategy and process parameters is necessary because it is difficult to reach an acceptable production economy with a fill time of about 1 h. An obvious action would be to choose a more efficient resin distribution method than a one-point inlet (e.g., peripheral injection or a multipoint injection). In addition, it would be worthwhile to try to lower the viscosity and increase the pressure. 

A. Pilo, R. Navalesi, and E. Ferrannini. Insulin kinetics after portal and peripheral injection of [125I]insulin. I. Data analysis and modeling. Am. J. Physiol. 230 1626-1629, 1976. 

An entirely new principle of the ion-trap mass spectrometers is the Orbitrap with a coaxial inner spindle-shaped electrode in an outer barrel-like electrode. The peripheral injected ions move due to their electrostatic attraction to the inner electrode on orbits around and swing simultaneously along the electrode. The frequency of these harmonic oscillations is inversely proportional to the square root of mJz. The detected signals are induced by the frequency of these swings and resulted... 

Evidence for an interface between the circulation and the centL al nervous system (CNS) dates back to the end of the nineteenth century (Bradbury, 1979). The best known of those early studies were done by a young Paul Erlich who found that some dyes did not stain the brain after their peripheral injection. Erlich concluded erroneously that the lack of staining was because these dyes did not bind to brain tissue. Several decades later, Goldmann, a student of Erlich s, found that these dyes could stain the brain when injected intravenously. Thus, these dye studies were reinteipreted as evidence in favor of some sort of barrier between the CNS and blood. 

Two different methods have been used to determine the structure-activity relations of the neurotoxic action of the excitatory amino acids. With the first, the amino acids are administered by peripheral injection, which produces neuronal damage in areas of the brain to which the excitotoxins gain access. The second approach involves direct intracranial injection with analysis of the affected area to determine the scope and specificity of the lesion. While the latter method allows for more precise definition of toxic potencies and avoids variables such as metabolism and penetration of the blood-brain barrier, the systemic administration of these compounds was exploited first and continues to be used. 

Tao, Y., Black, I. B., and DiCicco-Bloom, E. (1996). Neurogenesis in neonatal rat brain is regulated by peripheral injection of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). J. Comp. Neurol. 376, 653-663. 

Biplanar superior or inferior cavograms are routinely obtained. Digital subtraction superior cavography is performed by simultaneous bilateral injection of 25 ml or more of a non-ionic contrast medium into the basilic or axillary veins. Inferior cavography is usually performed by bilateral femoral vein injection or retrograde caval catheterization from an arm vein. When puncture of the axillary or femoral vein is problematic due to edema, COj phlebography may be obtained by a peripheral injection of 50 ml of COj, which localizes a more proximal venous trunk for puncture. 

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