Injectable solutions

Strontium-89 chloride is a calcium analogue that rapidly clears from the blood and is taken up into bone mineral, particularly in areas of active osteogenesis, as weU as primary bone tumors and metastases. It is used for reHef of bone pain in patients having painful skeleton bone metastases. It is suppHed in an injectable solution. 

Most of these procedures are proprietary. Formulation development is also becoming more complex for preparation and deHvery of new vaccines. The classical vaccines are mostly prepared as injectable solutions. Aseptic techniques are required in the design and operation of the faciHties. 

To analyze pesticides from the sample, several GC techniques were used GC with FID and EC detectors and GC/MS with external standards. Pesticides are mostly analyzed using split/splitless technique where higher amount of injected solution exits the gas chromatograph without decomposing therefore by quantification of the several pesticides in the filter, we found out how harmful is exposing analysts to pesticide compounds during the GC analysis. 

Table 9.9 (6) gives some guidelines for proper SEC separation conditions when analyzing polymer standards with narrow molar mass distribution on a single 30-cm column. The conditions have to be adjusted when running industrial polymers (which are normally much wider in molar mass distribution). Depending on the width of the MMD, concentrations can be increased by a factor of 3 to 10 for such samples. As a general rule, it is advisable to keep the concentration of the injected solution lower than c [ j] < 0.2. 

EP 566 535 (Ciba-Geigy appl. 6.4.1993 CH-prior. 15.4.1992). stable injection solution ... 

JP06 305 969 (Yoshitomi appl. 27.4.1993 J-prior. 27.4.1993). light-stabilized injection solution ... 

Optimizing the formulation of micellar surfactant solutions used for enhanced oil recovery consists of obtaining interfacial tensions as low as possible in multiphase systems, which can be achieved by mixing the injected solution with formation fluids. The solubilization of hydrocarbons by the micellar phases of such systems is linked directly to the interfacial efficiency of surfactants. Numerous research projects have shown that the amount of hydrocarbons solubilized by the surfactant is generally as great as the interfacial tension between the micellar phase and the hydrocarbons. The solubilization of crude oils depends strongly on their chemical composition [155]. 

Standard solutions. Prepare different concentrations of standard solutions by dilutions of the stock solution with the injection solution. 

Heat and reflux a 5-g portion of soil sample with 50 mL of methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 7)-water (15 7 28, v/v/v) solvent mixture in a round-bottom flask for 1 h. After cooling, transfer a 10-mL portion of the supernatant to a test-tube and mix with 11 mL of 0.02M H3PO4 solution. Load this solution on to a silica-based SPE cartridge (Analytichem International Clin-Elut 1020) at a flow rate of 1-2 drops per second. Discard this fraction. Elute the analytes with 30 mL of dichloromethane. Concentrate the eluate to dryness with air in a water-bath at a temperature of 40 °C (do not use vacuum). Dissolve the residues in 5mL of HPLC injection solution [900 mL of water - - 50 mL of phosphate buffer (pH 7) 4-50 mL of ACN 4-4 g of TBABr]. Pinal analysis is performed using liquid chromatography/ultraviolet detection (LC/UV) with a three-column switching system. 

FIG. 4 Capillary wave frequency vs. time after injection of the CTAB aqueous solutions (0.5 mL, 2-30 mM). The concentrations of the injected solution (C) are shown, along with the average concentrations (Cg ) in the aqueous phase. 

Seidel A. 1973a. Distribution of 241Am in the rat as influenced by dose and the pH of the injected solution. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 24 362-363. 

It is important that injectable solutions that are to be given intravenously are isotonic, or nearly so. Because of osmotic pressure changes and the resultant exchange of ionic species across red blood cell membranes, nonisotonic solutions, particularly if given in quantities larger than 100 mL, can cause hemolysis or cre-nation of red blood cells (owing to hypotonic or hypertonic solutions, respectively). Dextrose, sodium chloride, or potassium chloride is commonly used to achieve isotonicity in a parenteral formula. 

It has been only in the past 25 years that filters have become sufficiently reliable to use them on a wide scale to sterilize injectable solutions. Even now it is prudent to use filtration to sterilize only those products that cannot be terminally sterilized. 

The severe interaction of the zinc bromide fluid, 19.2 ppg (2.32 g/cc), was unexpected. Severe plugging of the core occurred, caused by precipitation of zinc hydroxide, as the injected solution mixed with and was neutralized by formation brine. Tests in which the zinc bromide fluid was simply titrated with distilled water also produced a precipitate, 0.0036 g/cc. Titration in the presence of the common reservoir clay, montmorillonite, increased both the rate of precipitation, and total quantity to 0.03 g/cc. 

This relation is calculated assuming that no more than 5% of solute reaches the column walls, and also assuming a point injection of solute (ie the volume of injected solute is negligible) at the centre of column. 

In practice, the injected solute will occupy a finite volume, and the injection may not be properly centralised either. Both of these have the effect of making dc greater, or L smaller, for infinite diameter behaviour, than the values calculated from Eq. 2.3e. If these effects are allowed for, it can be shown that columns of 25 cm or less, with injections of 10 fil or less, show infinite diameter behaviour when their diameters are greater then about 4 mm. 

Dark area at column head is the newly injected solute from the sample loop... 

Rizk et al. [3] used 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dcyano-/)-benzoquinone as a redox titrant in the aqueous titration of penicillamine. Finely ground tablets were mixed with H20 and the mixture was filtered. The filtrate (or an injectable solution) was diluted with H20 and acidified with H3PO4 before titration with the redox titrant. The titration was conducted in anhydrous acetic acid using thiethylperazine dihydrochloride as the indicator. The endpoint was detected by a color change to green, and recoveries of penicillamine were 98.4-100.5%. 

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