Injection of drugs

In this section the intraperitoneal route of liposome administration will be discussed. For a number of diseases this route of administration may be preferred over the intravenous route of administration of liposomes. For example, intraperitoneal injection of drug-... 

In conclusion, delivery of liposome-encapsulated drugs in eye drops can improve the extent of uptake and the residence time compared to the free drug. In particular, lipophilic substances seem to benefit from this approach. The exact mechanism behind the improved biopharmaceutical behavior still has to be unraveled. Intra-vitreal injection of drug-containing liposomes increases the residence times of both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. 

Dimpfel, W. Sptller, M. Traber, J. and Nichols, D.E. Tele-stereo-EEG in the rat after injection of drugs interacting with serotonergic transmission. Inti Pharmaco EEG Group Symposium, Abstracts. Kobe, Japan, October 1988. 

Schou, J. (1971). Subcutaneous and intramuscular injection of drugs. In Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Brodie, B.B. and Gillette, J.R., Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Ch. 4. 

The persistence of residues at intramuscular injection sites may be due in part to the irritant response produced in the muscle (52). Chloramphenicol, tylosin, penicillins, dihydrostreptomycin, and oxytetracycline have been shown to produce local irritation at the site of injection, leading to residue persistence this may be exacerbated by the solvent used. However, residues do not persist with proper injection of drugs and use of formulations that do not cause severe irritation (52), as has been demonstrated with one oxytetracycline product that produced little irritation (53-55). 

S.J. Bogoslovski, K.A. Sakodynskii, and A.A. Serdan, in Diphil Sorbents for Direct Sample Injection of Drugs in Biological Matrices, 19th Int. Symp. Chromatogr., Aix-en-Provence, France (1992). 

This model was developed by Suswillo and Denham [22-24] for evaluation of filaricidal activity, in which jirds are infected by intraperitoneal implantation of ten female and five male B. pahangi. After 3 days, the compounds are administered either orally or by subcutaneous injection. The intraperitoneal injection of drugs may provide false positive results because some compounds remain concentrated at this site. This model is suitable for secondary screening of new drugs for micro- and macrofilaricidal activity. 

CGP 57813 is a peptidomimetic inhibitor of human HIV-1 protease. This lipophilic compound has been successfully entrapped in polylactic acid (PLA) and into pH-sensitive methacrylic acid copolymer particles (EUDRAGIT L 1 GO-55) [69], After the application of a film-coating, the plasma concentration was acceptable and reached similar levels as with injections of drug-loaded PLA carriers. To hinder the proteolytic degradation of a drug, two types of enteric-coated pellets were applied simultaneously. One contained the protease inhibitor coated... 

Figure 2. Heparin data and metabolite-inhibition model for three separate injections of drug. (-----) heparin concentration (O) experimental data (--------) me-...

Drug concentrations in serum after a single injection of drug at time = 0. Assume that drug distributes but is not eliminated. 

Effect of dose of single intravenous injection of drug on plasma levels. 

There is a successful movement within psychiatry, implemented in many states, that makes it easy to force clinic outpatients to take long-acting injections of drugs. Under these outpatient commitment laws, if the person refuses to come to the clinic, mental health workers can come to the home to administer the injections by force. At the same time, there is a movement to screen schoolchildren, and even preschoolers, for so-called mental illness. This potentially disastrous movement is driven by drug company money and aims at increasing the market for their products. 

As mentioned above, intravitreal injection of drugs should be used in many cases to achieve therapeutic intravitreal drug levels. This is especially true for cases of viral retinitis, such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and acute retinal necrosis (ARN) which require intravitreal injection of antivirals, or for the treatment of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis or proliferative vitreoretinopathy [305]. It still remains a controversial issue whether liposomes can reach the retina after intravitreal injections and which vesicle physicochemical characteristics should be preferred for such formulations. 

Iboga, 94, loi Ibogame, loi Ibotenic acid, 135 "Ice" metharnphetamme, 49 Identity, drug use to establish, 21 Imipramine (Tofranil), 144 Indole hallucinogens, 95—103 Inhalants. See Nitrite inhalants Injection of drugs, 23, 31, 83, 103 amphetamines, 49 angel dust, 137 barbiturates, 69, 70 cc.,aine, 45... 

Maurice DM. Injection of drugs into the vitreous body. In Leopold IH, Bums RP, eds. Symposium on ocular therapy. New York John Wiley Sons, 1976 59-71. 

Assume a single bolus injection of drug whose amount is denoted by d or a constant infusion of drug whose infusion rate is u over the time domain [0/ ]. Theii/... 

Brockbank, W. The less ancient art of intravenous injection of drugs. In Ancient Therapeutic Arts The Fitzpatrick Lectures Delivered in 1950 and 1951 at the Royal College of Physicians, William Heinemann Medical Books, Ltd. London, 1954. 

Useful for injection of drugs directly into a tissue (targeted drug delivery)... 

Rasmussen, F. Tissue damage at the injection site after intramuscular injection of drugs in food-producing animals. In Trends in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology van Miert, A.S.J.P.A.M., Frens, J., van der Kreek, F.W., Eds. Elsevier Amsterdam, 1980 27-33. 

Toutain, P.-L. Lassourd, V. Costes, G. Alvinerie, M. Bret, L. Lefebvre, H.P. Braun, J.P. A non-invasive and quantitative method for the study of tissue injury caused by intramuscular injection of drugs in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol Ther. 1995, 18, 226-235. 

Ohaegbulam SC. Peripheral nerve injmies from intramuscular injection of drugs. West Afr J Pharmacol Drug Res 1976 3(2) 161-7. 

Intravenous drug injection is associated with rapid drug effects, making it the preferred route of some drug abusers. Intravenous injection of drugs is considered dangerous because large quantities can reach the site(s) of action so quickly. 

One strategy for delivering drugs to the brain is to circumvent the problems associated with penetration of the BBB by direct injection of drugs into the brain. This... 

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