Administration, drugs periocular injection

Topical instillation 218 Periocular injections 220 Intraocular injections 220 Parenteral administration 220 Innovative drug delivery systems 221... 

Most ocular diseases like dryness, conjunctiva, and eye flu are treated by topical drug application in the form of solutions, suspensions, and ointment. In the earlier period, drug delivery to the eye has been limited to topical application, redistribution into the eye following systemic administration, or direct intraocular/periocular injections. However, one of the major barriers of ocular medication is to obtain and maintain a therapeutic level at the site of action for a prolonged period of time. 

When higher concentrations of drugs, particularly corticosteroids and antibiotics, are required in the eye than can be delivered by topical administration, local injections into the periocular tissues can be considered. Periocnlar drug delivery includes subconjunctival, snb-Tenon s, retrobulbar, and peribulbar administration. 

Corticosteroid administration by systemic (oral or intravenous), topical (ophthalmic and cutaneous), injected (periocular and subcutaneous), and inhalation and possibly nasal routes can elevate lOP In patients who are steroid responders, oral steroids produce approximately 60% the increase in lOP as compared with topical agents, most likely because of differences in achieved anterior chamber concentrations of the drug. Those with primary open-angle glaucoma respond to steroids at a rate of 46% to 92% compared with 18% to 36% of... 

While intravitreal injection can be quite effective and has become the route of choice by retinal specialists, in spite of known risks, periocular drug administration, using... 

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