Inhibition of Candida albicans

The observation that the serum inhibition of Candida albicans seen in normal patients (38) is lost in patients with Candida septicemia (12) raises interesting possibilities. In contradistinction to this we have found that patients can develop positive precipitin tests from Candida (47) without clinical evidence of can-didemia (blood culture negative, no fever)(16). These patients are receiving the "amphotericin flush" (15) (see below), and this implies that catheter-related candidemia may be dependent on repetitive inoculation to produce clinical candidemia. Finally, there is... 

Tampieri MP, Galuppi R, Macchioni F, Carelle MS, Falcioni L, Cioni PL, Morelli I (2005) The inhibition of Candida albicans by selected essential oils and their major components. Mycopathologia 159 339-345... 

Yordanov M, Dimitrova P, Patkar S et al (2008) Inhibition of Candida albicans extracellular enzyme activity by selected natural substances and their application in Candida infection. Can J Microbiol 54 435-440... 

Ezzat SM (2001) In vitro inhibition of Candida albicans growth by plant extracts and essential oils. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17 757-759... 

DECANO M M s, DEMULE M c z, DE CAiRE c z and DE HALPERiN D R (1990), Inhibition of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus by phenohc compounds from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum ,1 Appl Phycol, 2,79-82. 

This is not discussed in detail since mechanisms of resistance have been carefully reviewed (Ghannoum and Rice 1999). It was pointed out that resistance has not been associated with modification of the structure. For the 1,2,4-triazoles that have been widely used, their effect is due to inhibition of the synthesis of ergosterol that is the dominant component of fungal cell membranes. Resistance is generally associated with modification of the target enzymes, for example, the epoxidation of squalene (Terbinafine) or 14a-demethylase (Fluconazole). Resistance of Candida albicans to the azole antifungal agent fluconazole demonstrated, however, the simultaneous occurrence of several types of mechanism for resistance (Perea et al. 2001) ... 

In the late 1980s, ulapualide A 23 was isolated from the egg masses of the nudibranch Hexabranchus sanguineus120 and was shown to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans and L1210 leukaemia cell proliferation. A molecular mechanics study initially suggested that the relative stereochemistry was related to that of the halichondramides and mycalamides,350 however, the... 

Borg-von Zepelin M, Meyer I, Thomssen R, Wurzner R, Sanglard D, Telenti A, Monod M HIV-protease inhibitors reduce cell adherence of Candida albicans strains by inhibition of yeast secreted aspartic proteases. J Invest Dermatol 1999 13 747-751. 

Trovato et al. [49] reported the antimycotic activity of aqueous, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of Matricaria recutita L. These extracts inhibited in vitro strains of Candida albicans isolated from clinical samples obtained in the course of acute vaginitis. 

Saccharomyces cerevisiae i i27-8b strain. The latter compound also inhibited the growth of Candida albicans 258 strains. 

Fig. 11.5 E-test on an isolate of Candida albicans. Inhibition zone edges are distinct and the MICs for itraconazole (IT) and fluconazole (FL) (0.064 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively) are easily decipherable.

Leucascandrolide A was isolated from the sponge Leucascandra caveolata. The natural product displays strong in vitro cytotoxicity against KB and P388 cancer cell lines and is also a potent antifungal, inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans. A few synthetic routes for leucascandrolide A were described [6, 7]. 

Micronesia revealed that the source of 78 and 79 was not the sponge but rather the symbiont unicellular bacteria and filamentous eubacteria resident in the interior of T. swinhoei [80]. Swinholide A was reported to be toxic to L1210 (IC50 = 21 nM) and KB (IC50 = 28 nM) cell lines [81]. Theopalauamide inhibited the growth of Candida albicans in the standard paper disk assay at a concentration of 10 pg/disk. 

The lithistid sponge Aciculites orientalis contains three cyclic peptides, aciculitins A-C (130-132), that are identical except for homologous lipid residues [149]. The aciculitins consist of a bicychc peptide that contains an unusual histidino-tyrosine bridge. Attached to the bicyclic portion are Ci3-Ci5-dihydroxy-4,6-dienoic acids bearing D-lyxose at the C-3 position. The paper also reports the structures of the two artifacts aciculitamides A and B obtained earlier from the same sponge. The aciculitins inhibited the growth of Candida albicans and are cytotoxic toward the HCT-116 cell line. 

Since the coumarin compounds show phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity, the observed change in the morphology of Candida albicans could be partly due to this property. Each Candida yeast cell can normally have a budding scar or the daughter cell still attached to it [319]. The possible cause of multibudding phenomenon could be PD inhibition. A similar observation was done in treatment with caffeine, which at the subinhibitory concentrations caused an increase in unusual modes of proliferation with signs of multiple budding in Candida albicans [320]. 

The observation that a patient had an allergic reaction to hydroxyquinoline in ointments with a paiafQn base, but not a zinc oxide base, prompted further study of a possible incompatibility. The subsequent study in 13 patients confirmed that zinc oxide reduces the eczematogenic (allergic) properties of the hydroxyquinoline. However, it also inhibits its antibacterial and antimycotic effects, and appears to stimulate the growth of Candida albicans. ... 

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