Inhalability of Particles

COPD is a chronic inflammatory disease that results from prolonged and repeated inhalation of particles and gases, chronic (or latent) infection or an interaction of these factors. In many cases, the inflammation persists even when the exposure (in most cases smoking) is stopped. Prominent among the infiltrating leukocytes are neutrophils, CD8+ lymphocytes (Co-receptor for the T-cell receptor. CD8+ is specific for the class IMHC protein. It is expressed on the surface of cytotoxic T-cells and natural killer cells.) and CD68+ monocytic cells (A lysosomal antigen. All cells that rich in... 

No studies were located regarding absorption in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to 2,3-benzofuran. The partitioning of 2,3-benzofuran between particulate matter and synthetic alveolar surfactant in vitro was reported to depend upon the chemical nature of the particles (Sehnert and Risby 1988). Synthetic lung surfactant was able to dissolve 2,3-benzofuran adsorbed to particles with few active sites, but not 2,3-benzofuran adsorbed to particles with many active sites (Sehnert and Risby 1988). These data indicate that inhalation of particles containing 2,3-benzofuran would result in some absorption, depending on the nature of the particles. 

PTMs-contaminated soils pose a human health risk on the basis of the potential of the contaminant to leave the soil and enter the human bloodstream. In order to assess human health risk, several pathways of transfer of metals from soil to humans have to be taken into account. The most important metal intake takes place via the food chain in which plants or meat of animal play a key role. The direct ingestion of soil can be a major route of exposure for humans to many low mobile soil contaminants, particularly for small children through putting hands into the mouth (Gupta et al., 1996). The contribution from the inhalation of particles smaller than 10 pm and from dermal contact with soil have little meaning compared with oral ingestion and are found to be less than 1% and 0.1% of the total intake, respectively (Paustenbach, 2000). 

Citrate, Oxalate, Phosphate, or Tartrate Dilute 5 mL of sample to 50 mL with recently boiled and cooled water. Add 6 N ammonium hydroxide or 3 N hydrochloric acid to 4 mL of this solution, if necessary, to bring the pH to between 7.3 and 7.7. Add 1 mL of calcium chloride TS, and heat in a boiling water bath for 5 min. The solution remains clear. Cyanide (Caution Because of the extremely poisonous nature of potassium cyanide, conduct this test in a fume hood, and exercise great care to prevent skin contact and the inhalation of particles or vapors of solutions of the material. Do not pipet solutions by mouth.)... 

Caution. Avoid contact with skin and the inhalation of particles of fentanyl citrate. 

A. Characteristics. Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the rickettsia, Coxiella burnetii. The most common animal reservoirs are sheep, cattle, and goats. Humans acquire the disease by inhalation of particles contaminated with the organism. A biological warfare attack would cause disease similar to that occurring naturally. 

Emergency workers during nuclear emergencies, have their own set of dose thresholds, in order to perform their jobs. These are found in Table 14.3. Risk assessment of a radioactive event must take into account exposure from cloudshine, which is direct exposure through the air of gamma radiation inhalation of particles contaminated with radioactive iodine and groundshine, which is the radiation given off from deposition and... 

Svartengren M, Svartengren K, Aghaie F, Philipson K, Camner P. Lung deposition and extremly slow inhalations of particles limited effect of induced airway constriction. Exp Lung Res 1999 25 353-366. 

So far, we have talked mostly about neoplastic diseases. What about the effects of POM on non-neoplastic diseases Here very little information is available, although there is clear evidence that inhalation of particles can effect the macrophage population and induce processes which may be important in the production of emphysema and other chronic obstructive lung diseases. Immunological consequences of POM exposure have hardly been studied and are little understood today. 

Absorption route Can ertter ttw body by inhalation of particles or ingestion. Evaporation negigtole at 20°C. but harmful concentrations of airborne particles can buM up rapidly. Inmedfate ellocts Irritates the eyes, skin and respiratory tract ( affect the upper respiratory tract ... 

Absorption route Can enter the body by Inhalation or ingestion. Evaporation negligible at 20 C, but harmful concentrations of airborne particles oan build up rs idly. Immediate effects Irritates the eyes and respiratory tract. Affects the nervous system. Inhalation can cause metal fume fever. Contact with vapor or Inhalation of particles can cause pneumonia. Effects of prolonged/repeatad expoaura Can cause brain damage. ... 

Resuspended lead-containing dusts are not inconsequential for public health. One health issue with reentrained dust lead is that of exposure risks to adults by inhalation of particles or risks to young children from both inhalation and ingestion of resuspended and redeposited dust lead. Cowherd et al. (1985) calculated respirable (PMio) levels of resuspended dust lead through the equation below ... 

Some of the more adverse health effects of photochemical smog are the result of inhalation of particles in the smog aerosol. The health effects of inhaled particles were discussed in Section 7.2. 

Acid rain in the form of rainfall poses little threat to human health the pH is not low enough to affect exposed tissue. However, droplets composing fog may be quite acidic and are respirable, which can cause asthma attacks and other adverse health effects to exposed individuals. In addition, inhalation of particles containing acidic salts (ammonium sulfates and nitrates) can have adverse pulmonary effects. 

A patent has been issned for a glass composition in which 1.4 parts of beryUinm carbonate are fused with 4.3 parts of lithium carbonate and 18.5 parts of boric acid to produce a borate glass suitable for X-ray tube windows. This glass has a high coefficient of expansion, very high permeability to ultraviolet rays, is quite tough and easily worked. Note Inhalation of particles of any BeO-containing material should be avoided because of their toxicity. 

Inhalation of particles containing endotoxin eauses fever, cough, airway inflammation, and acute airflow obstruetion (131,133). Recent studies have demonstrated that endotoxin in cotton dust accounted for acute bronchoconstriction (131,132). It has been suggested that endotoxin in eotton dust may be the causative agent for byssinosis. 

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