Particle inhalation

Oberdorster, G. (2002) Toxicokinetics and effects offibrous and nonfibrous particles. Inhalation Toxicology, 14 (1), 29—56. Warheit, D.B. (2006) What is currently known about the health risks related to carbon nanotube exposures Carbon,... 

Boecker, B. B., McClellan, R. O., Hahn, F. F., Hobbs, C. H., Lay, J. C. and Mauderly, J. L. (1975). Toxicity of 144Ce in fused aluminosilicate particles inhaled by immature beagle dogs. IV, page 165 in Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute Annual Report 1974-1975, Report No. LF-52 (Lovelace Foundation, Albuquerque, New Mexico). 

The bioavailability of contaminants to wildlife and humans is also an area of critical importance, where contaminants can be taken up in pore water and by dermal contact, particle ingestion, or particle inhalation. The dynamics of sorption/desorption are not currently incorporated into exposure and risk assessment models for organic compounds, where availability, in most cases, is assumed to be 100% [224]. Recently, the following have been demonstrated and reported ... 

Leong BKJ, Coombs JK, Sabaitis CP, Rop DA, Aaron CS (1998) Quantitative morphometric analysis of pulmonary deposition of aerosol particles inhaled via intratracheal nebulization, intratracheal instillation or nose-only inhalation in rats. J Appl Toxicol 18 149-160. 

Study 12 - Large Particle Inhalation Dose/Response Series... 

Vidgren, M., Paronen, P., Vidgren, P., Vainio, P., and Nuutinen, J., Radiotracer evaluation of the deposition of drug particles inhaled from a new powder inhaler, Int. J. Pharm., 64 1-... 

Dust particles inhaled in tobacco smoke, together with bronchial mucus, must be removed from the airways by the ciliated epithelium. Ciliary activity, however, is depressed by tobacco smoke mucociliary transport is impaired. This depression favors bacterial infection and contributes to the chronic bronchitis associated with regular smoking. Chronic injury to the bronchial mucosa could be an important causative factor in increasing the risk in smokers of death from bronchial carcinoma. 

Raabe, O.G. "The Generation of Aerosols of Fine Particles", Inhalation Carcinogenesis Academic Press,... 

Hygroscopic particles grow as water vapour is condensed on them as they pass down the respiratory tract. Tu Knutson (1989) found 50% deposition of 0.35- m NaCl particles inhaled orally. Minimum deposition of NaCl was found at a particle size of 0.075 jum. 

M. Geiser, M. Baumann, L. M. Cruz-Orive, V. I. Hof, U. Waber, and P. Gehr, The effect of particle inhalation on macrophage number and phagocytic activity in the intrapulmonary conducting airways of hamsters, Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 10 594 (1994). 

Scientific debate continues as to whether dogs detect odorants as vapors or whether they may be trapped and carried on particles inhaled. It has been shown with the aid of micron-sized graphite dust that inhaled particles are trapped by the hairs and mucus at the front of the nasal cavity, although a small fraction may pass through to the olfactory epithelium [12]. Accordingly, this would suggest that olfaction is primarily a vapor process, although particles may still play a role. 

Particles larger than 10 pm will impact in the upper airways and are rapidly removed by coughing, swallowing and mucociliary processes. An 8 pm particle inhaled at 30 L min 1 has approximately a 50% chance of impacting on the throat. 

Greim, H., Ziegler-Skylakakis, K. (2007) Risk assessment for biopersistent granular particles. Inhalation Toxicology 19 1-6. 

Oberdorster, G., et al. (1995), Association of particulate air pollution and acute mortality Involvement of ultrafine particles Inhal. Toxicol., 1,111-124. 

The effect of particle size on the fate of particles inhaled from an aerosol is shown in Fig. 9.45. 

Arts JHE, Spoor SM, Mtrijser H (2000) Short-term inhalation exposure of healthy and compromised rats and mice to fine andrrltrafine carbon particles. Inhal Toxicol 12 (Suppl l) 261-266 Ausloos P, Rebbert RE, Glasgow L (1977) Photo-decomposition of chloromethanes adsorbed on silica surfaces. J Res Nat Bm Stand 82 1-8... 

Yu IJ, Kim KJ, Chang HK, et al. Pattern of deposition of stainless steel welding fume particles inhaled into the respiratory systems of Sprague-Dawley rats exposed to a novel welding fume generating system. Toxicol Tett 2000 116(1—2) 103—11. 

Oberdorster, G. (2002). Toxicokinetics and effects of fibrous and nonfibrous particles. Inhal Toxicol 14(1), 29-56. 

A part of this lead is then taken up by the gastrointestinal tract. For particles inhaled via the mouth, and with a size of 0.05 pm and a respiratory rate of 15 breaths per min, about 40% of the inhaled lead is deposited in the airways (Chamberlain 1985). For smaller particles, the deposited fractions are lower. 

Clarke W, ParkJ, Palotay J, et al. 1966. Plutonium inhalation studies-VII. Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinomas of the canine lung following plutonium particle inhalation. Health Phys 12 609- 613. 

Bruijne K, Ebersviller S, Sexton KG et al (2008) Design and testing of electrostatic aerosol in vitro exposure system (EAVES) an alternative exposure system for particles. Inhalation Toxicol 20 1-11... 

Oberddrster G (1996) Significance of particle parameters in the evaluation of exposure-dose-response relationships of inhaled particles. Inhalation Toxicol 8(suppl) 73-89 Oberddrster G (2001) Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 74 1-8... 

Airborne particles in order to have an effect on human health have to come into contact with cells and tissues of the human body. The main route of intake is inhalation. To a certain amount inhaled particles will be deposited at the smface of the extra- and intra-thoracic airways and in the alveoli of the lung. The amoimt and site of deposition depends on the aerodynamic and thermodynamic properties of the particles inhaled, particularly on their size and shape. On the contrary the interaction of the particle with the cells and tissues of the body is determined by its physical, chemical and biological properties. During their passage through the airways small hydrophilic particles adsorb immediately water vapoiu and grow significantly in size. 

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