Ingestion, toxic effects

Montanio CD, Wruk KM, and Kulig KW (1993) Acute pediatric warfarin (coumadin) ingestion Toxic effects despite early treatment. American Journal of Diseases of Children 147 609-610. 

Catalpol (18) isolated from Buddleja cordobensis showed a series of allelochemical effects related to DNA synthesis in the insect Tribolium castaneum by inhibition of tag DNA polymerase activity with an IC50 value of 47.8 pM. Thus, it exhibited post-ingestive toxic effects showing a reduction in the efficiency of conversion of injected food [177]. 

Haugen A, Schafer PQ, Lechner IF, Stoner GD, Trump BF, Harris CC. Cellular ingestion, toxic effects and lesions observed in human bronchial epithelial tissue and cells cultured with asbestos and glass fibers. Int J Cancer 1982 30 265-272. 

The alimentary symptoms may be overshadowed by neuromuscular dysfunction, accompanied by signs of motor weakness that may progress to paralysis of the exterior muscles or the wrist (wrist drop), and less often, of the ankles (foot drop). Encephalopathy, the most serious result of lead poisoning, frequendy occurs in children as a result of pica, ie, ingestion of inorganic lead compounds in paint chips this rarely occurs in adults. Nephropathy has also been associated with chronic lead poisoning (147). The toxic effects of lead may be most pronounced on the developing fetus. Consequendy, women must be particulady cautious of lead exposure (148). The U.S. Center for Disease Control recommends a blood level of less than 10 p.m per 100 mL for children. 

Sodium nitrite is poisonous and prolonged contact with dry sodium nitrite or its solutions can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. The LD q (oral, rat) is 85 mg per kg body weight (11). Inhalation or ingestion of significant quantities of dust or mist may result in acute toxic effects such as nausea, cyanosis, and low blood pressure, which can lead to possible coUapse, coma, and even death. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment U.S. Bu. Mines approved toxic dust mask chemical goggles rubber gloves neoprene-coated shoes Symptoms Following Erqrosure Inhalation produces slight toxic effects. Contact with eyes irritates eyes and causes skin rash General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION remove to fresh air. EYES wash with water for 20 min. call a physician. SKIN wash with water Toxicity by Inhalation (ThresholdLimit Value) Data not available Short-Term Exposure Limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 2 oral rat LDjq 820 mg/kg Late Toxicity Data not available Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Data not available Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Data not available. 

In summary, neurotoxic effects of endosulfan are usually apparent only after acute ingestion of relatively high doses. Cumulative neurotoxicity does not appear to be significant. If the animal survives the acute toxic effects, then no long-term neurotoxic effects are evident from behavioral, gross, and microscopic observations. However, some impairment may occur that can be detected only by specialized neurobehavioral testing. 

Route Dependent Toxicity. The toxicity of trichloroethylene does not seem to be heavily dependent upon its route of entry. Inhalation and ingestion are the primary exposure routes, and the liver, heart, and central nervous system are the primary targets for both routes (Candura and Faustman 1991). Renal toxicity results principally from oral exposure, and dermal exposure generally confines its toxic effects to the skin, although broad systemic effects can be induced imder conditions of high exposure (Bauer and Rabens 1974). Attributing such effects solely to dermal exposure, however, is difficult because inhalation exposure is often a factor in these cases as well. 

These codes can be combined when a substance has multiple risks. Codes are then separated by a siash (for different means of penetration) or a dash (for risks of different nature). Thus 20/21/22 means that a substance is harmful by inhalation, skin contact and ingestion, if the substance is inflammable as well, it is 10-20/21/22. A compound can have different acute and chronic toxicity levels. For example, for phenylamine 20/21/22-40-48/23/24/25, ie harmful by inhalation, skin contact, ingestion possibility of irreversibie effects risk of toxic effects by inhalation, skin contact and prolonged ingestion. 

The dogs appeared in good condition throughout the study. No hematological effects were ascribed to diisopropyl methylphosphonate. The authors concluded that the ingestion of diisopropyl methylphosphonate produced no toxic effects at the concentrations that the dogs received over the 90-day period of the study. 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. No specific methods were located for interfering with the mechanism of action for toxic effects produced by mineral oil hydraulic fluids. Unstable alveoli and distal airways have been proposed as major factors in the respiratory symptoms that occur after the ingestion of other petroleum-derived materials. Continuous positive airway pressure or continuous negative chest wall pressure, as well as the application of supplemental oxygen, have been recommended to counteract the resultant pneumonitis (Eade et al. 1974 Klein and Simon 1986). 

Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids. Aside from the possibility of the development of pneumonitis following the aspiration of ingested mineral oil hydraulic fluid, little is known regarding the toxicity of these materials. Additional animal studies to identify the possible toxic effects of exposure to these materials may provide information relevant to the investigation of methods for reducing the toxic effects. 

Herbivores that commonly feed on tannin-rich plants have evolved interesting methods to lessen the effect of ingested tannins on their digestive systems. For example, the salivary proteins of rabbits and other rodents are high in the amino acid proline, which has a very high affinity for tannins. Eating food high in tannins stimulates the secretion of these proteins and diminishes the toxic effect of the tannins. 

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