Infrared spectroscopy carbon black

The molecules OCO, SCS, and OCS are linear. Bond lengths are given in Tables 21.5 and 21.6. In carbon dioxide the carbon-oxygen bond is intermediate in length between a double and triple bond. The studies of CO2 and CS2 by high resolution infrared spectroscopy provide an example of the use of this method for molecules which cannot be studied by the microwave method because they have no permanent dipole moment. The structure of the CS2 molecule has also been studied in the crystalline state. (C—S, 1-56 A). Under a pressure of 30 kbar CS2 polymerizes to a black solid for which a chain structure has been suggested. ... 

Measurement of adsorption phenomena by chemical means require adsorbents that have a relatively high surface area, preferably in excess of 20-50 m /g, to provide sufficient sensitivity. Such carbons are, e.g., activated carbons, carbon blacks, graphite wear dust, and carbon nanotubes. Physical measurements, such as by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and special Raman spectroscopies, can be done with materials of much lower surface area. 

Infrared Spectroscopy Infrared spectroscopy has been one of the most frequently used instrumental analysis methods to characterize qualitatively the surface functionalities in coals [224,225], carbon blacks [226], charcoals [227], activated carbons [80,228-233], activated carbon fibers [234,235], and carbon films [236,237]. Fourier analysis (FTIR) provides an improvement over dispersive IR spectroscopy in signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, energy throughout, accuracy of the frequency scale, and a capacity for versatile data manipulation. 

Critical Coagulation Concentration Chromatographable Organic Carbon Chloral Hydrate Forming Potential Disinfection By-Product Diethylaminoethyl Diffusion Limited Aggregation Dissolved O anic Carbon Dissolved Organic Matter Direct Observation through the Membrane Technique Diffusive Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Electronic Conductive Carbon Black Electron Dispersive Spectra Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid Fulvic Acid... 

Although in situ infrared spectroscopy has been applied widely in terms of the systems studied, the reflective electrodes employed have been predominantly polished metal or graphite, and so an important advance has been the study of electrochemical processes at more representative electrodes such as Pt/Ru on carbon [107,122,157], a carbon black/polyethylene composite employed in cathodic protection systems [158] and sol-gel Ti02 electrodes [159]. Recently, Fan and coworkers [160] took this concept one step further, and reported preliminary in situ FTIR data on the electro-oxidation of humidified methanol vapor at a Pt/Ru particulate electrode deposited directly onto the Nafion membrane of a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell that was mounted within the sample holder of a diffuse reflectance attachment. As well as features attributable to methanol, a number of bands between 2200 and 1700 cm were observed in the spectra, taken under shortoperating conditions, the importance of which has already been clearly demonstrated [107]. 

Thirdly, in order to improve the dispersion of platinum catalysts deposited on carbon materials, the effects of surface plasma treatment of carbon blacks (CBs) were investigated. The surface characteristics of the CBs were determined by fourier transformed-infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Boehm s titration method. The electrochemical properties of the plasma-treated CBs-supported Pt (Pt/CBs) catalysts were analyzed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) experiments. From the results of FT-IR and acid-base values, N2-plasma treatment of the CBs at 300 W intensity led to a formation of a free radical on the CBs. The peak intensity increased with increase of the treatment time, due to the formation of new basic functional groups (such as C-N, C=N, -NHs, -NH, and =NH) by the free radical on the CBs. Accordingly, the basic values were enhanced by the basic functional groups. However, after a specific reaction time, Nz-plasma treatment could hardly influence on change of the surface functional groups of CBs, due to the disappearance of free radical. Consequently, it was found that optimal treatment time was 30 second for the best electro activity of Pt/CBs catalysts and the N2-plasma treated Pt/CBs possessed the better electrochemical properties than the pristine Pt/CBs. 

Two major fillers used in the rubber industry are silica and carbon black. Carbon black is black because it absorbs/scatters all radiation, including infrared, impinging on it. Hence, simple transmission spectroscopy of carbon black filled specimens is not straightforward and is usually not possible unless the samples are very thin. Carbon black filled samples have not been readily examinable using micro-spectroscopic methods. Silica filled systems are more amenable to microscopic techniques [76] and can be examined to determine silica-polymer(rubber) interactions. The presence of inorganic materials, e.g., transition metal complexes in... 

Near-infrared spectroscopy proved valuable for fhe analysis of pharmaceutical powders in a 1981 paper by Becconsall et al. [119]. Near-infrared and UV phofoacoustic spectroscopy were used for determination of propranolol-magnesium carbonate mixtures. Spectra were collected from 1300 to 2600 nm with carbon black as the reference. An aromatic C-H combination band at 2200 nm and an overtone band at 1720 nm were used to quantify propranolol. In this case, the UV data were nonlinear, while the NIR method provided a linear calibration. 

When neither transmission nor reflection infrared spectra are satisfactory, spectra can generally be obtained by photoacoustic spectroscopy. The IR spectrum that is obtained is ratioed against an IR spectrum of carbon-black. PAS spectra resemble normal IR spectra with the same absorbance peak wavenumber locations as classic transmission spectra. Because the signal-to-noise ratio of PAS is very low, several thousand scans are needed to obtain a spectrum. The nature and interpretation of the spectra are markedly influenced by the thermal and acoustic properties of the sample. 

Infrared spectroscopy (IR) is used extensively in the analysis of plastics. It is a very good, relatively quick technique for the determination of the polymer present in a plastic product. Unlike rabbers, where the majority of compounds contain additives such as carbon black and plasticisers that can interfere with the infrared data obtained, it is normally possible to record infrared spectra directly from the plastic sample using either a surface technique (e.g., attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy) or in transmission through the sample from a film produced by pressing a specimen above its glass transition or melting point. 

Ivanov and co-workers [4] also pyrolysed scrap tyres in the presence of water vapour to produce a solid product. This product was then characterised by Fourier-Transform infrared and energy-dispersive XRF spectroscopy and evaluated for use as a filler in SBR cured compounds. These vulcanisates were then tested and the results obtained compared with SBR compounds that had been prepared using conventional fillers such as silica and mixtures of silica and carbon black... 

Nevertheless the heat capacity of a carbon resistor was not so low as that of crystalline materials used later. More important, carbon resistors had an excess noise which limited the bolometer performance. In 1961, Low [61] proposed a bolometer which used a heavily doped Ge thermometer with much improved characteristics. This type of bolometer was rapidly applied to infrared astronomy as well also to laboratory spectroscopy. A further step in the development of bolometers came with improvements in the absorber. In the early superconducting bolometer built by Andrews et al. (1942) [62], the absorber was a blackened metal foil glued to the 7A thermometer. Low s original bolometer [61] was coated with black paint and Coron et al. [63] used a metal foil as substrate for the black-painted absorber. A definite improvement is due to J. Clarke, G. I. Hoffer, P. L. Richards [64] who used a thin low heat capacity dielectric substrate for the metal foil and used a bismuth film absorber instead of the black paint. 

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