Inflammation fatty acids

Insulin resistance occurs when the normal response to a given amount of insulin is reduced. Resistance of liver to the effects of insulin results in inadequate suppression of hepatic glucose production insulin resistance of skeletal muscle reduces the amount of glucose taken out of the circulation into skeletal muscle for storage and insulin resistance of adipose tissue results in impaired suppression of lipolysis and increased levels of free fatty acids. Therefore, insulin resistance is associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including elevated blood glucose levels, abnormal blood lipid profile (dyslipidemia), hypertension, and increased expression of inflammatory markers (inflammation). Insulin resistance and this cluster of metabolic abnormalities is strongly associated with obesity, predominantly abdominal (visceral) obesity, and physical inactivity and increased risk for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and renal disease, as well as some forms of cancer. In addition to obesity, other situations in which insulin resistance occurs includes... 

The manner in which salicylates relieve pain and reduce inflammation is not fully understood. It is thought that the analgesic action of the salicylates is due to tiie inhibition of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are fatty acid derivatives found in almost every tissue of the body and body fluid. Release of prostaglandin is thought... 

Systemic antibiotics are indicated for moderate-severe inflammatory acne not responding to topical treatments. Systemic antibiotics act on 1) suppression of P. acnes growth 2) inhibition of bacterial lipases 3) reduction of free fatty acids and 4) reduction of inflammation. Oxytetracycline and its derivatives are the most commonly used oral antibiotics. Second-generation tetracyclines such as minocycline, doxy-cycline and lymecycline present longer half-lives, enhanced bacterial activity and lower... 

Calder, P.C. and Grimble, R.E, Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation and immunity, EurJ Clin Nutr, 56 Suppl 3, S14, 2002. 

Arachidonic acid (C20 4 n-6) is the precursor for the synthesis of prostaglandin molecules (Section 4.4.4), which have a wide range of biochemical effects on for example, the perception of pain, inflammation, blood clotting and smooth muscle contraction. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22 6) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20 5) are both n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which have been shown to have significantly beneficial effects on intellectual development and inflammatory conditions such as asthma and cardiovascular disease. 

Propionyl CoA carboxylase Odd-carbon fatty acids, Val, Alopecia (hair loss), bowel inflammation. 

Fatty acids, such as linoleic, hnolenic, and arachidonic acids, contain two or more cis carbon-carbon double bonds and are referred to as polyunsaturated fatty acids. Several of these fatty acids, including linoleic and linolenic acids, are required nutrients for humans and must be part of a healthy diet. They are termed essential fatty acids, of which there are eight. These fatty acids cannot be synthesized by human beings but are essential to human health. Therefore, they must be consumed in adequate amounts in a healthy diet, specifically in the form of ingested plant-derived foods. A diet devoid of the essential fatty acids eventually results in a fatal condition characterized by inflammation of the skin (dermatitis), failure of wounds to heal, and poor growth. The essential fatty acids serve as precursors for complex molecules termed eicosanoids, to which we return below. 

A very high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids should be avoided in trauma since they have an immunosuppressive effect. They are used in the treatment of chronic inflammation. 

Trans fatty acids are produced during the commercial hydrogenation of plant oils (Chapter 11). Some margarines contain these fatty acids, as do some commercially prepared snack foods (e.g. biscnits, cookies, cakes, crisps, chips). In addition, bacteria in the rnmen of rnminants prodnce trans fatty acids, which are therefore present in dairy prodnce and meat. Trans fatty acids can be incorporated into the phospholipids of the plasma membrane of endothelial and other cells, resulting in damage to the membranes. Furthermore, these abnormal fatty acids can interfere in the production of thromboxanes, prostacyclins or leucotrienes and hence interfere in control of blood clotting, immune cell activity and inflammation (Chapter 11). 

The addition of absorption enhancers, like bile salts (glycocholate), fatty acids (Unoleic acid), surfactants (lecithins, polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether or N-lauryl-P-D-maltopyra-noside) and chelators (EDTA) can significantly increase the absorption of various proteins. However, the application of enhancers is limited by their toxicity. For example polyoxyethyl-ene-9-lauryl ether and sodium glycocholate caused serious oedema, haemorrhage and inflammation of the lung after intratracheal instillation [39]. 

The effects of LCPUFAs in inflammation have been reviewed by Calder (2006). Briefly, if is h) ofhesized fhaf fhe effecfs of LCPUFA n-3 fatty acids on immune function are mediated by their ability to compete with the metabolism of fhe n-6 fatty AA. AA can be metabolized into the pro-inflammatory prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) or leukotriene-B4 (LTB4). 

Calder, P. C. (2006). Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Patty Adds 75,197-202. 

Antibiotics are used in dermatology for both infectious and noninfectious skin eruptions. Noninfectious skin eruptions, such as acne vulgaris and acne rosacea, are often treated with systemic antibiotics. The mechanism of action is not clear, although tetracycline inhibits lipases derived from resident flora in the sebaceous follicle Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium ac-nes). These lipases cleave irritating fatty acids from triglycerides in sebum, presumably contributing to cutaneous inflammation. 

CN202 Kozak, W., D. Soszynski, K. Rudolph, C. A. Conn, and M. J. Kluger. Dietary n-3 fatty acids differentially affect sickness behavior in mice during local and systemic inflammation. Am J Physiol 1997 272(4 Pt. 2) 1298-1307. 

J. Billing J. W. Fisher, 40, 6818 (1946). Incendiary projectiles are charged with a highly inflammable thickened fuel, prepd by dissolving a quantity of metallic soap of a fatty acid containing 10 or more C atoms per mole, in a liquid hydrocarbon, preferably of the benzene series... 

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