Inert diluent, effect

An effect of network morphology is illustrated by the work of Shen and Tobolsky (ISO). They cross-linked rubbers in the presence of inert diluents such polymerizations tend to promote intramolecular chain loops rather than interchain cross-links. Their polymers had very low stress-relaxation... 

This filler is mined, ground and sieved to a particle size less than 100 mesh and used as an inert diluent and cheapening filler for rubber compounds. It is usually off-white to cream in colour. Depending upon source, the filler can be contaminated with metal ions, e.g., iron, copper, manganese, which can catalyse oxidation. It can be used in very high loadings with great effect on compound hardness. 

As the range of components available for use in the azoic dyeing process expanded, research was simultaneously targeted on improvements designed to make the process more attractive to the commercial dyer. The necessity for the dyer to diazotise the Fast Base was removed with the introduction of stabilised diazonium salts [111], known as Fast Salts. Stabilisation was achieved by a judicious selection of the counter-ion to the diazonium cation various anions have found use in commercial Fast Salts and some examples are listed in Table 4-4. Particularly effective is the diazonium tetrachlorozincate, which can be readily prepared by adding an excess of zinc chloride solution to a solution of the diazonium salt. The precipitated complex diazonium salt is usually admixed with an inert diluent, which enhances its stability, and in use the dyer only needs to dissolve the powder in water to prepare the necessary diazonium salt solution. 

A simple method of effectively preventing accumulation of dangerously high concentrations of peroxidic species in distillation residues is that detailed in an outstanding practical textbook of preparative acetylene chemistry [2], The material to be distilled is mixed with an equal volume of non-volatile mineral oil. This remains after distillation as an inert diluent for polymeric peroxidic materials. 

The flame speed for a combustible hydrocarbon-air mixture is known to be 30cm/s. The activation energy of such hydrocarbon reactions is generally assumed to be 160kJ/mol. The true adiabatic flame temperature for this mixture is known to be 1600 K. An inert diluent is added to the mixture to lower the flame temperature to 1450 K. Since the reaction is of second-order, the addition of the inert can be considered to have no other effect on any property of the system. Estimate the flame speed after the diluent is added. 

FIGURE 8.18 The effect of inert diluents on sooting volume fraction. From Ref. 82... 

FIGURE 6.1 Effect of inert diluents in catalyst inventory-pilot plant data. 

Effect of Addition of Inert Diluents. The addition of inert gases to an explosive mixture will have two major effects. It will increase the heat capacity of the mixture, and depending upon the nature of the added gas, it will change the mixture thermal conductivity. Equation 26 shows that an increase in the heat capacity of the mixture will tend to increase the induction period. The addition of a high thermal conductivity gas such as helium will increase the limiting pressure. Rearranging Equation 18 shows that for a given vessel diameter, reactant concentration, and furnace temperature, the ratio... 

Lower flammability limits of vapors may be predicted quickly, including the effects of initial temperature and inert diluents such as N2 and CO2. The limiting oxygen content necessary for flame propagation can... 

If the SiH4/02 mixture is not sufficiently diluted with an inert gas, then gas phase nucleation typically occurs and Si02 particulates are formed. Generally, N2 is used as the diluent, but some work has been done with Ar, C02, and He. Depending on the reactor configuration, an inert gas effects the deposition rates in different ways. 

Miles et al. (I) conducted experiments showing the effect of moisture, pressure, and temperature on suspensibility. In each case, critical increases had an adverse effect. In the present work, three experiments were carried out to determine the effects of moisture, inert diluent compo-... 

The effect of solvent type on the curing rate of epoxy reactions has been well defined. Hydroxyl compounds, such as alcohols, act as catalysts and accelerate curing. However, these solvents are not serious competitors with amines for reacting with the epoxy ring. Water, functioning as a hydroxyl compound, also accelerates the reaction, even more than alcohols. Aprotic solvents, such as aromatic hydrocarbons or mineral spirits, have no effect on the amine-epoxy resin and behave as inert diluents. Carbonyl solvents, such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, retard the reaction. 

In some oases even inert diluents can influence the rate constant of radical processes. This effect has been interpreted in radical polymerization by assuming the existence of hot radicals (Tiidos, 1964a, 1965a, b). 

Diluents, sometimes known as inerts or carriers, play an important role in the behavior of the formulated product. Diluents have been prepared from agricultural wastes such as walnut shells, pecan shells, tobacco stems, and corncobs from minerals such as kaolinite, attapulgite, and talc and from fossilized deposits such as diatom beds. The exact diluent used in a given preparation depends on cost, properties, and availability. Dusts require low sorptive inerts to minimize the toxicant-diluent interaction. For WPs, inerts must be high in sorptive power because they carry a large amount of toxicant especially when the toxicant is a liquid. Otherwise, the formulated product would be likely to cake badly in storage. It is required that a diluent must be truly inert. However, formulators often find that an inert diluent contains hot spots or alkalinity to inactivate part of the toxicant. In this case, urea can be used as a deactivator to counteract the undesirable effects in some dust and wettable formulations (Terriere, 1982). 

The standard method for synthesis of polysilanes follows the original preparation of (Me2Si) by Burkhard. Diorganodichlorosilanes are treated with finely dispersed sodium metal in an inert diluent, usually above the melting point of sodium. Homopolymers are obtained from single dichlorosilanes, while cocondensation of mixtures of dichlorosilanes yields copolymers (equation 33). Toluene is the most commonly used solvent, but other aliphatic or aromatic solvents are also effective. After completion of the reaction, the mixture is quenched with alcohol and/or water to destroy any excess sodium and silyl anion, then filtered and... 

Continuous Recycle Copolymerization. Design for Effective Heat Exchange and for Handling Inert Diluents... 

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