Industries high reliability

The chemical Industry requires vacuum pumps which are highly reliable and which do not produce waste materials such as contaminated waste oil or waste water. If this can be done, the operating costs of such a vacuum pump are low in view of the measures otherwise required for protecting the environment (disposal of waste oil and water, for example). For operation of the simple and rugged ALL-ex pump from LEYBOLD there are no restrictions as to the vapor flow or the pressure range during continuous operation. The ALL-ex may be operated within the entire pressure range from 5 to 1000 mbar without restrictions. 

The high reliability and the complete absence of faults such as electrolyte leakage or gas generation make the lithium-iodine solid state battery a particularly suitable device for powering implanted electronic devices, and it is now widely used in the cardiac pacemaker industry. The design and construction of Medtronic Inc, pacemaker batteries are shown in Fig. 9.12. A typical unit, such as the Enertec Alpha 33 , has dimensions of 33.4 mm X 27.4 mm X 7.9 mm, giving a total volume of 6.0 cm3 and a mass of 22 g. The cell has a completely welded construction and uses a specialized... 

Heat/Solvent Recovery. The primary application of heat pipes in the chemical industry is for combustion air preheat on various types of process furnaces which simultaneously increases furnace efficiency and throughput and conserves fuel. Advantages include modular design, isothermal tube temperature eliminating cold comer corrosion, high thermal effectiveness, high reliability and options for removable tubes, alternative materials and arrangements, and replacement or add-on sections for increased performance (see Furnaces, fuel-fired). 

Whisker-reinforced glass-ceramic matrices are expected to find several applications in automotive components, metal forming, cutting tools, etc., due to their low thermal expansion, high thermal shock resistance, high reliability and low material and processing costs. Some industrial applications for continuous fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are listed below. 

Frequency 0.0 to 1 x 10"6 (never to 1 in 1,000,000 years) Hazard Scenario Should not occur in the life of the process and there is no historical industry experience to suggest it will occur. Layers of Protection Four or more independent highly reliable safeguards are in place, failure of three safeguards would not initiate an unwanted event. 

Frequency 1 x 10 4 to 1 x 10"3(1 in 10,000 years to 1 in 1,000 years) Hazard Scenario This particular scenario is likely to occur somewhere in the industry during the life of this general type of process. Layers of Protection Two independent highly reliable safeguards are in piace, failure of one safeguard would not initiate an unwanted event. 

Both the ARGE and Kellogg processes were commercialized in 1955 at the Sasol plant in South Africa with a capacity of 240000 t/a hydrocarbons. While the fixed-bed process proved reliable from the beginning, numerous modifications had to be made to the Kellogg process. The major difficulties encountered were concerned with the fluidization of the catalyst. This led to the development of the Sasol Synthol process which is now a highly reliable large-scale industrial operation [15]. 

Enantioselective homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed by chiral transition metal complexes is one of the most well established transformations in asymmetric synthesis [1]. Excellent enantioselectivities have been achieved in the hydrogenation of a wide range of substrates, often with very low catalyst loadings. High reliability, mild reaction conditions, and perfect atom economy are further attractive attributes of this method. In particular complexes based on Ru or Rh have found broad application in industrial processes [1] and the impact of these catalysts has been recognized by the Nobel Prize awarded to Ryoji Noyori and William S. Knowles in 2001 [2]. 

In the period since 1962, the use of polymer packaged devices has increased from purely consumer applications to industrial and other high reliability applications. The pressures exerted by commercial and industrial users on semiconductor suppliers have significantly improved the reliability of the polymer encapsulated semiconductors (2). Today, it is estimated that nearly 60% of all semiconductor devices are encapsulated in polymers (3). 

The pilot exciter method is highly reliable and has a fnlly predictable performance. A small alternator is monnted on the same shaft, and often within the same frame, as the main exciter. It receives its excitation from a shaft mounted permanent magnet rotor system. Hence its level of excitation is constant and dependable. The AC ontpnt from the pilot exciter is rectified and smoothed by components within the AVR cnbicle. It can be seen that this method is completely independent of the conditions existing in the main generator. This is the method nsnally specified in the oil industry. 

Cables provide a highly reliable and compact method of transmitting power from its sonrce to its consnmer. Cables are installed in open air on racks or ladders, in the ground, or underwater as in the case of submarine cables. Power at all the voltages normally encountered in the oil industry i.e., less than 100 V and up to 33 kV, can be transmitted efficiently by single and multi-core cables. 

The glass electrode used for measuring pH is one of the most successful examples of potentiometry in automated instruments. Modern glass electrodes are highly reliable they give selective, sensitive, and stable response to acidity over a very wide range of pH and have been widely applied in industrial monitoring and control. 

The monitoring and control strategy is based primarily on existing methods and systems in use or planned for use at other CSDP facilities or similar commercial installations (e.g., industrial wastewater treatment plants). All of the instruments and control elements are standard industrial hardware with field-proven high reliability and robustness. The overall system consists of the BPCS, ESS, and individual equipment PECs. The BPCS contains microprocessor-based controllers. The ESS is a separate, dedicated safety system consisting of PECs or microprocessor-based controllers that will provide protective logic and enable safe shutdown of the facility. 

Wavelength-dispersive XRF instramentation is almost exclusively used for (highly reliable and routine) bulk-analysis of materials, e. g., in industrial quality control laboratories. In the field of energy-dispersive XRF instrumentation, next to the equipment suitable for bulk analysis, several important variants have evolved in the last 20 years. Both total reflection XRF (TXRF) and micro-XRF are based on the spatial confinement of the primary X-ray beam so that only a Hmited part of the sample (+ support) is irradiated. This is realized in practice by the use of dedicated X-ray sources. X-ray optics, and irradiation geometries. 

Hofmann, D. A., Jacobs, R., Landy, F. (1995). High reliability nocess industries Individual, micro and macro organizational influences on safety performance. Journal of Safety Research, 26, 131-149. 

The first specifications for adhesives were generated by the staff of NASA and the DoD who were prompted by the high reliability that was required of microcircuits used in aerospace programs. These specifications covered primarily die and substrate attachments for hermetically sealed integrated circuits, hybrid microcircuits, and multichip modules. Subsequently, with the increased use of surface-mount adhesives in the assembly of commercial printed-wiring boards and underfills for flip-chip devices, industry associations took the lead in generating the requirements and test methods. 

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