Modern Glasses

Setchell, D. J., Teo, C. K. Kuhn, A. T. (1985). The relative solubilities of four modern glass-ionomer cements. British Dental Journal, 158, 220-2. 

Nokes, M. C., 1948, Modern Glass Working and Laboratory Technique, 3rd Edn London, Heinemann. 

G.J. Mount, Clinical placement of modern glass-ionomer cements. Quintessence Int. 24 (1993) 99-107. 

Been varies only as a function of the test solution pH if the temperature is constant. It is significant to point out that the potential of modern glass electrodes is a linear function of pH (equation 39). By using a test solution of known pH it is possible to relate the cell potential to hydrogen ion activity of a test solution. This standardization must be done each time a pH meter is used because of subtle changes in the various potentials owing to aging of the electrode. Therefore, the accuracy of a pH determination depends on the accuracy of the standard buffer. Table 1-2... 

The foundations of modern glass-forming machines were laid by the patents by A.rbogast in 1882 and Ashley in 1887. The former concerns machines for the forming of wide-mouth containers, the latter a bottle machine. 

Besides the use of half-cells involving metal ions, special reference must be made to electrodes capable of measuring [H+] and especially to the modern glass electrode. pH-metry is the most powerful method for the determination of stability constants - indeed, 90% or more of stability constant data have been obtained by this method.Values of [H+] are readily obtained by a precalibration method. 

The alkaline error. Modern glass electrodes become somewhat sensitive to alkali-metal ions at pH values greater than 11 to 12. 

The premier pH electrode, from both a historical and a fundamental point of view, is the Ha gas electrode. As was mentioned in Section 2.3, however, this electrode is difficult to prepare and use, and has been replaced almost universally by the modern glass electrode except for specialized applications. 

The glass electrode used for measuring pH is one of the most successful examples of potentiometry in automated instruments. Modern glass electrodes are highly reliable they give selective, sensitive, and stable response to acidity over a very wide range of pH and have been widely applied in industrial monitoring and control. 

Modern glass-ionomer materials of enhanced properties... 

Nitrum is a naturally occurring soda, an important ingredient in both ancient and modern glasses. The ashes of plants also provided the glassmaker with a rich source of sodiuHL The plants saltwort and glasswort (known as halophytes) were both used to supply sodiuna. 

The age of the modern glass fiber started in 1940 with a patent claiming new compositions and the production of continuous fibers [6] based on the dominating quaternary eutectic (60% Si02 - 9% AI2O3 - 27% CaO - 4% MgO). 

Figure 3.8 Refractive index as a function of reciprocal dispersion (see Appendix A) showing historical development of optical glasses. Grey area represents modern glasses white...

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