Submarine cable

See-hdhe, /. height above sea level, -hund, m. seal, -hundsdl, n., -hundstran, m. seal oil. -kabei, n. submarine cable, -kohl, m. sea kale, -krebs, m. lobster. 

Intercontib ntai, ibter jslan(i or i iihilar sea arib river trossirrgs br d c. power, supply and telecommunications submarine cables may use earth return in order to reduce the loop resistance of the power feeding path and to save... 

Submarine ieiecomthunications cables operate at less than 1 A but sub-. marine power cables may operate at several hundreds Of amperes and will require larger spacing between the earth, electrodes and nearby burled or immersed structures. IfpOssible, testsShould be made with trial earth elfec. trOdes at both ends of. the submarine cable and on Off tests made before bringmg the power supply bii the system into permanent Use., ... 

A hard resinous thermoplastic substance of the same chemical composition as rubber hydrocarbon but having the ftvms-structure. See Cis-trans Isomerism. Formerly extensively used for the insulation of submarine cables (now superseded by polyethylene) and in the early manufacture of golf balls (now superseded by... 

It is used in kitchen ware, as film for packaging, heavy films for protecting grains, crops machinery, etc. as insulator for submarine cables, television aerial leads, telephone lead lines, electronics apparatus, as tubing used for transport of water in fields and chemical plant. 

The director of chemical research for the Bell Laboratories, Dr. R. R. Williams, whose main work was on problems such as the improvement of insulating materials for submarine cables, devoted his spare time to the isolation of a Substance present in very small amounts... 

Reduced wind turbulence Low towers due to low wind shear Submarine cables required... 

The determination of clustered water and water molecule clusters trapped in polyethylene have been described by Baker (209). This water has been related lo a loss in the dielectric properties of polyethylene used in a submarine cable core. When DSC is employed, as shown by the curve in Figure... 

Alloys 75% of total Electrical connectors and relays, springs, precision instruments, aircraft engine usage parts, non-sparking tools, submarine cable housings and pivots, wheels and pinions. 

The polymer industry traces its beginning to the early modifications of shellac, natural rubber (NR — an amorphous c -l,4-polyisoprene), gutta-percha (GP — a semi-crystalline trfl i-l,4-polyisoprene), and cellulose. In 1846, Parkes patented the first polymer blend NR with GP partially co-dissolved in CSj. Blending these two isomers resulted in partially crosslinked (co-vulcanized) materials whose rigidity was controllable by composition. The blends had many apphcations ranging from picture frames, table-ware, ear-trumpets, to sheathing the first submarine cables. 

Cables provide a highly reliable and compact method of transmitting power from its sonrce to its consnmer. Cables are installed in open air on racks or ladders, in the ground, or underwater as in the case of submarine cables. Power at all the voltages normally encountered in the oil industry i.e., less than 100 V and up to 33 kV, can be transmitted efficiently by single and multi-core cables. 

Mild steel is used for the armouring of cables laid on land. For submarine cables the material can be specified as carbon steel, which has a higher tensile strength. 

The voltage drop in a cable is due to its series resistance and series inductive reactance. The shunt capacitive reactance is usually too large to be considered for cables installed in a typical plant. However, for long distance high voltage cables, such as submarine cables, the shunt capacitance may need to be included in the calculations of voltage drop. 

BSEN12166 Part 2 Zinc and zinc alloy coated non-alloy steel wire for armouring either power cables or telecommunication cables. Submarine cables. Copper and copper alloys. Wire for general purposes. 

HV single and parallel submarine cables, protection at both ends. See Figure 12.14. 

Guita percha is an isomer (transpolyisoprene) of natural rubber made from the latex of various trees of the genus Dichopsis. It is not as elastic as rubber, but becomes highly plastic on gentle heating. It is used chiefly for insulation of submarine cable. It is similarly soluble in organic solvents and carbon disulphide. 

According to Article 54 of The Hague Regulations (1907), submarine cables connecting an occupied territory with a neutral territory shall not be seized or destroyed except in case of absolute necessity . This means that, under the traditional law, submarine communications cables are not protected from desfruction if they connect enemy territory with the territory of an ally of the enemy or if they connect enemy territory, which is not occupied, with neutral territory. Moreover, Article 54 is limited to land warfare and, therefore, does not necessarily provide for interference with submarine communications cables in sea areas beyond the outer limit of the territorial sea. The San Remo Manual has not necessarily contributed to an improvement of the protection of submarine communications cables, it merely provides that belligerents shall take care to avoid damage to cables [...] laid on the sea-bed which do not exclusively serve the belligerents . ... 

Today, submarine communications cables are the backbone of international data traffic. Submarine cables carry over 95 % of the world s international voice, data, and video traffic, including almost 100 % of transoceanic Internet ocean... 

The Orksdalsfjord slide started at point A then occurred at point B. After 7 minutes a third slide occurred at point C and at approximately the same time a submarine cable Cl was cut by a debris flow from the slides (Figure 11.3). A second cable C2 went out of service approximately 2 h after the initial occurrence of slide A. The slides were attributed to an earthquake in e Scottish Hebrides. The failure of cable C2 was attributed to the loss of support in the sediment underlying the cable by liquefaction. It was not attributed to a... 

Another source of rubber is the planation leaf gutta-percha. This material is produced from the leaves of trees grown in bush formation. The leaves are picked and the rubber is boiled out as with the balata. Gutta-percha has been used successfully for submarine-cable insulation for more than 40 years. 

The submarine trans-Atlantic telegraph cables of 1857, 1858, and 1865 were insulated with gutta percha, which was the prime material for submarine cable insulation for over 80 years, until it was replaced by the new polyethylene. One of the key drivers of the growth of the polymer industry— material substitution — had been initiated. 

Thomson, W., 1884. On signalling through submarine cables. In Mathematical and Physical Papers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 168-172. Available at https // archive.Org/stream/mathematicaland02kelvgoog page/nl90/mode/2up/search/168 (accessed 01.07.14). 

Each wind turbine in a wind farm generates power independently and sends its power to a transformer located at the base of the tower. Submarine cable interconnects each turbine with up to a dozen other turbines to create an array. Specialized cable installation vessels and underwater cable installation equipment connect the turbines and embed the electrical cable up to 2 meters below the seabed. Each array is then connected to the central substation or an ESP. The power... 

The first polymethylene was obtained in 1897 by the thermal decomposition of diazomethane. In 1931, about half a gram of PE was obtained in a free radical polymerization at high T and P. In 1937, Telcothene , a blend of PE and pol5dsobutylene (PIB) was produced for submarine cables, and in 1939, the first LDPE, Alketh , plant with 100 t/year capacity went into operation (Keimedy 1986). In 1951, HOPE was polymerized using the Z-N catalyst (Zletz 1954). 

F3 Pb-0.15 As-0.15 Sn-0.1% Bi 6.1 PILC cables, submarine cables, power cables subjected to severe bending or vibration conditions... 

Pb-Ca-Sn Pb-0.033Ca-0.38Sn 0.11% High-voltage DC and AC submarine cables... 

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