Industries and materials

In the chemical industries materials include soda ash, polyethylene, PVC and polypropylene in a wide variety of forms from fine powders to pellets. Sand is used in foundries and glass manufacture, and cement and alumina are other materials that are conveyed pneumatically in large tonnages in a number of different industries. 

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The work described in this paper was undertaken as part of a project funded by the European Community under the Industrial and Materials technologies Programme (Brite/EuRam III). The contributions of other partners in the project, AIB-Vinfotte asbl, Tecnatom SA and SLV Mifrichen GmbH) is gratefully acknowledged. 

St. Boniface, an English Benedictine, visits Germany and establishes abbeys and coun-tiy estates as centers of industry and material progress. 

HarsBook, 2001. Thematic Network on Hazard Assessment ofHighly Reactive Systems (HarsNet), BET2-0572, Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme of the European Commission. 

HarsNet is a thematic network project sponsored by the European Commission s Industrial and Materials Technologies Program. It is coordinated through the Instituto Quimico de Sarria, with participation by government organizations, universities, major companies (e.g., Dow, BASF, and CIBA), and private testing services. 

In the early stages of development, Saudi Arabia and other countries relied entirely on imported products. While this is still largely the case, there is a trend toward self-sufficiency. For example, rather than simply export crude oil, there is a marked drive toward the development of a petrochemical industry that will be aimed at products for export (6,7). This will not only increase potential income from oil, but will provide employment for indigenous populations. Other industry and materials for construction are also being developed by Saudi Arabian engineers in order to reduce dependence on imports. 

Department of Industrial and Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszdw University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszdw, Poland. E-mail chemia prz.rzeszow.pl... 

Bis(heterocyclyl)methanes constitute highly valuable building blocks of natural and unnatural porphyrinoids (00MI1), which are of immense importance in biological, industrial, and material science applications... 

National de la Recherche Scientifique. The OECD published a report on advanced materials in 1990, while NATO and the EC supported research programs such as the Brite-Euram Programme on Industrial and Material Technologies. So great is the public concern with materials that the phrase age of materials has often been used to characterize our epoch in journals and magazines. 

This area has seen tremendous activity in recent years, exciting great interest in the pharmaceutical, agrochemical and food industries, and materials science, owing to the diverse applications of these complexes. As a field still growing in stature, scope and potential, this series of monographs focuses on hot topics of relevance to the supramoiecular chemist. 

We are indebted to Mr. El Mansouri for the measurements of Hg porosimetry, and the CNRS for access to neutron scattering facilities at LLB. S.K. acknowledges financial support by the European Community under the Industrial and Materials Technologies Programme (Contract No BRPR-CT96-313). 

The Sonogashira coupling reaction of terminal alkynes with aryl or vinyl halides is a useful tool for carbon—carbon bond formation, and has found wide employment in areas such as natural product synthesis, the pharmaceutical industry, and material sciences. Novel recyclable Pd catalysts with fluorous ponytails in the ligand 2,2 -bipyridine were reported in a copper-free Pd-catalyzed Sonogashira reaction in a fluorous biphasic system (FBS) (Equation 4.19). The catalysts are only soluble in perfluorinated solvents at room temperature [41],... 

The selected spectra presented in this volume are a testimony to the diversity of mineral carbonates. Their compositional variety embraces many of the chemical elements and is increased by the frequent presence of solid solution between members. They occur in all the broad categories of rock types igneous, metamorphic, metasomatic and sedimentary and they are often associated with important ores and rare element deposits. Carbonates are not only of significance in the geological domain, but also in industry and materials science. Accurate identification of the compounds is, therefore, vital for a proper understanding of any carbonate bearing system. 

This extremely cursory overview suffices to show that there are several molecular and atomistic level interactions that are involved in any single corrosion event and that there is a large number of possible mechanisms that still require a rigorous theoretical treatment. In the following section, we introduce a number of molecular-level modeling techniques that have been, or could be, applied to the further detailed study of these mechanisms for materials presently used in industry and materials yet to be discovered and/or applied. 

From July 1999 till March 2002, the Global CAPE-OPEN (GCO) consortium (Pons et al., 2001) involved a large set of leading process industry companies, researchers, and software vendors in Europe, Asia, and North America. GCO has been partially funded by the European Commission in the Industrial and Materials Technologies research and technological development programme. The objective of the GCO project was to deliver the power of component software and open standard interfaces in computer-aided process engineering. It followed another project partially funded by the European Commission, CAPE-OPEN, which ran from January 1997 till June 1999. The CAPE-OPEN project proved the feasibility of the concept of such an interface standard while... 

Fluorinated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles find their application in both the pharmaceutical industry and materials science. Recently, 3-substituted 5-pentafluorophenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 2 (Fig. 2) have been used as fluorinated oxadiazole arylating reagents (FOXARs) for the attachment of fluorinated moieties to nucleophilic pendants of polymers [4] and macromolecules [5]. Huorinated 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 3 (Fig. 2) have been employed as reagents to introduce the difluoromethylene moiety into organic compounds [6]. To date, despite the fact that 3- (or 5-) chloro- or bromo- derivatives are known, there is still no literatnre on the synthesis of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles bearing a fluorine atom directly linked to the oxadiazole ring. 

In recent decades, several studies have been made of sol-gel chemistry. This method has been widely used in the ceramics industry and materials science. Typically metal alkoxides and metal chloride precursors are used as the stardng materials. The reacdon is very easy to perform and does not require any special conditions. It is highly suitable for the preparation of metal oxides. The name itself implies... 

Although industries and materials differ, there are five conditions necessary for a dust explosion to occur. Known as the Dust Explosion Pentagon these conditions include ... 

Industrialization and materialization came with a price, sometimes easily recognized but often more obscure. Over time, we have come to realize that the development and use of new chemicals is not without risk, and the associated risk of chemicals in the environment must be managed carefully. In 1962, Rachel Carson, in her well-known book Silent Spring, pointed out that chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world— the very nature of life. Our planet has been despoiled, and the environment in which we live today is one of a fear of chemicals, and a lack of recognition of their importance in our lives. 

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