Process industries, historical survey

Historical Survey of Major Fires and Explosions in the Process Industries... 

External corrosion direct assessment (ECDA) is a structured process that consists of four key steps preassessment, indirect examination, direct examination, and post assessment (Fig. 12.16). ECDA is intended to assist pipeline operators in establishing the integrity of pipelines. The process uses aboveground cathodic protection (CP) survey methods, many of which have been used in the pipeline industry for decades. ECDA further defines the process, validation, and data integration for these survey methods [18]. The ECDA process incorporates standard techniques for compiling historical information, pipeline and soil surveys, external pipeline inspections, and data analyses. 

---