Industrial environment

These systems have been operated in extremely low quality (and radioactivity contaminated) industrial environments for the past several years without any major equipment or component failures. Utilizing specialized operating/warm-up procedures, they have operated in low grade, out-of-doors, dust ridden, rain-soaked, industrial environments at temperature ranges which greatly exceed the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) specified limits. The systems have been successfully operated at ambient temperatures of minus 10 to plus 103 degrees Fahrenheit without any pre-mature or un-anticipated equipment failures. 

As a fist attempt to see the influence of the tube drawing and the industrial environment on measured data, some experiments were performed for improving the measuring chamber and guidance as well optimizing the measuring condition. The main results were ... 

We have not indicated the reagents employed in the reactions by which ethylene and propene are converted to the compounds shown Because of patent requirements different companies often use different processes Although the processes may be different they share the common characteristic of being extremely efficient The industrial chemist faces the challenge of producing valuable materials at low cost Success in the industrial environment re quires both an understanding of chemistry and an... 

Environmental Business Journal Global Environmental Change Report Golob s Oil Pollution Bulletin Greenhouse Effect Report Ground Water Monitor Industrial Environment Industrial Health Ha2ards Update (IH HU)... 

The gap between laboratory wear testing and industrial appHcation trials is extremely difficult to bridge, since there is often Httie or no control over testing in the industrial environment. Despite these limitations, several examples of industrial successes involving ion implanted tools have been reported and blind tests of nitrogen-implanted machine tools have been performed, including tool taps, dies, punches, and TiN coated WC cutting inserts (106). 

Coverahs or other full-body clothing should be worn when working with lead ahoys and properly laundered after use. Hard hats, safety glasses, safety boots, and other safety equipment should be worn as appropriate for the industrial environment where the lead ahoys are used. Hands, face, neck, and arms should be washed before eating or smoking. 

G. M. Wilkening, in The Industrial Environment—Its Evaluation and Control U.S. Dept, of HEW, National Institute for Occupational Safety and... 

Skin. The skin may become contaminated accidentally or, in some cases, materials may be deHberately appHed. Skin is a principal route of exposure in the industrial environment. Local effects that are produced include acute or chronic inflammation, allergic reactions, and neoplasia. The skin may also act as a significant route for the absorption of systemicaHy toxic materials. Eactors influencing the amount of material absorbed include the site of contamination, integrity of the skin, temperature, formulation of the material, and physicochemical characteristics, including charge, molecular weight, and hydrophilic and lipophilic characteristics. Determinants of percutaneous absorption and toxicity have been reviewed (32—35,42,43,46—49). 

Note that the maintenance of water quaUty and hence stream standards are not static, but subject to change with the municipal and industrial environment. For example, as the carbonaceous organic load is removed by treatment, the detrimental effect of nitrification in the receiving water increases. Eutrophication may also become a serious problem in some cases. These considerations require an upgrading of the required degree of treatment. 

Paints. Chlorinated paraffins are used as plasticizers for paints based on many types of resins, particularly chlorinated mbber and vinyl copolymers. Chlorinated mbber-based paints are employed in aggressive marine and industrial environments and vinyl copolymer principally for the... 

The reproducibility of test results between labs using the neutral salt spray tests has not been consistent, but the repeatability, within one lab, is better, and the test has value in comparing variations in coating systems. Correlation of hours of exposure in the salt spray test to actual performance of the plated part in service, even in marine atmospheres, is not consistent and usually avoided. A classic example is that cadmium deposits outlast zinc deposits on steel in salt spray tests and clean marine atmospheres, yet zinc outlasts cadmium when exposed to real, industrial atmospheres, because of the presence of sulfur-bearing corrodents in industrial environments. An important variable in salt spray testing is the position of the surface to be tested. Whereas the surface of test panels is specified to be 15—30° from the vertical (40), when salt spray testing chromated zinc-plated specimens, this range has appeared excessive (41). 

Past experience has shown that cryogenic fluids can be used safelv in industrial environments as well as in typical laboratories provided all facihties are properly designed and maintained, and personnel handling these fluids are adequately trained and supeiwised. There are many hazards associated with ciyogenic fluids. However, the principal... 

Remember that the galvanic series was constructed from laboratory data using sea water as the exposure fluid. When there is a question about galvanic corrosion tendencies in actual industrial environments involving fluids substantially different from sea water, appropriate testing of candidate metals in these fluids may be warranted. 

Pagnotto, L. D., and Keenan, R. G., Sampling and analysis of gases and vapors, m "The Industrial Environment—Its Evaluation and Control," pp. I67-I79. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1973. 

Ingestion of toxic materials occurs only through accidental or careless procedures in the industrial environment and, while it caimot be ignored, it is seldom a significant factor in exposure. 

Thus, thermal comfort is clearly desirable and important to the well-being and productivity, and thereby the financial health, of industry. An understanding of the principles of thermal comfort and discomfort can help guide a designer s efforts in creating and operating industrial environments that are both energy-efficient and thermally acceptable to the occupants. 

Industrial environments expose individuals to a plethora of airborne chemical compounds in the form of vapors, aerosols, or biphasic mixtures of both. These atmospheric contaminants primarily interface with two body surfaces the respiratory tract and the skin. Between these two routes of systemic exposure to airborne chemicals (inhalation and transdermal absorption) the respiratory tract has the larger surface area and a much greater percentage of this surface exposed to the ambient environment. Or dinary work clothing generally restricts skin exposures to the arms, neck, and head, and special protective clothing ensembles further limit or totally eliminate skin exposures, but breathing exposes much of the airway to contaminants. 

The target level procedure was applied to 16 common air contaminants (Table 6.19). These are common contaminants in the industrial environment, and in many cases are the most critical compounds from the viewpoint of need for control measures. The prevailing concentration data as well as the benchmark levels were taken from Nordic databases, mainly the Finnish sources, and described elsewhere.In addition, a general model for assessing target values for other contaminants is presented in the table. 

In a dusty industrial environment, finned heaters are more liable than plain tube heaters to become blocked or coated with dust. If this dust is greasy, it will bake on the high-temperature surfaces, reducing the rate of heat transfer and in-... 

Air heaters in industrial environments require corrosion-protective finishes that are capable of protecting the coil and case from damage by condensation, acid vapors, or aggressive chemicals, in the air or the primary medium. If air washers are used with coils placed after them, copper or other noncorroding metal tubes should be used. 

Ventilation is required in buildings for many different reasons. In this section, the emphasis is on industrial environment however, the general method of approach is common to all systems for the following reasons ... 

The greater the distance between the low-level inlets and the high-level outlets, the greater the resulting air change rate will be. The resulting airflow patterns in this arrangement will not ensure satisfactory air distribution in many industrial environments. 

Full use can he made in the industrial environment of long ier throws, which entrain room air. 

It is essential that the velocity envelope in the occupied zone be in the range of 0.2-0.25 m s" to avoid drafts. However, in hot industrial environments, these velcKities are frequently exceeded in order to provide adequate body cooling. 

For various reasons, this type of anemometer is not a suitable instrument for practical measurements in the industrial environment. The thin wire probe is fragile and sensitive to contamination and is unsuited to rough industrial environments. The wire temperature is often too high for low-velocity measurements because a strong natural convection from the wire causes errors. Temperature compensation, to correct for ambient air temperature fluctuations may not be available or may not cover the desired operating range. 

One of the methods used for the determination of airflow in large spaces is model experiments. This method is also useful in the study of local ventilation around a working area in the industrial environment. 

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