Industrial borrowers

Despite our focus on the public debt markets, banks still provide the bulk of corporate Europe s credit needs. Bank loans to commercial and industrial borrowers in Europe total 3,000 billion, compared to 651 billion of public fixed-rate investment grade debt. 

The food industry borrowed a page from the tobacco industry s playbook to fund research raising doubts about the incidence of obesity, the connection between obesity and disease, the relative roles of consumption and exercise in causing obesity, and the connection between food marketing and obesity. It also contributed millions of dollars to professional nutrition associations to ensure that it had a seat at the table as they developed nutrition guidelines. Conservative academics and think tanks provided independent confirmation... 

The lip seal, or oil. seal, used on modern centrifugal pumps is borrowed from the automotive industry. The lip seal was born with the invention of the automobile transmission and the universal joint in the early days of the family ear. It would effectively retain the transmission fluid and U-joint grea.se on jalopies with rumble seats. It really hasn t changed much in design since the 1920s. 

Loans from specialist companies. There is a number of companies and institutions who specialize in providing long-term finance to industry. The forms of loans offered vary from one deal to another and, in some cases, will be accompanied by a request for some degree of participation in the equity of the borrower. 

Implementation of SFC has initially been hampered by instrumental problems, such as back-pressure regulation, need for syringe pumps, consistent flow-rates, pressure and density gradient control, modifier gradient elution, small volume injection (nL), poor reproducibility of injection, and miniaturised detection. These difficulties, which limited sensitivity, precision or reproducibility in industrial applications, were eventually overcome. Because instrumentation for SFC is quite complex and expensive, the technique is still not widely accepted. At the present time few SFC instrument manufacturers are active. Berger and Wilson [239] have described packed SFC instrumentation equipped with FID, UV/VIS and NPD, which can also be employed for open-tubular SFC in a pressure-control mode. Column technology has been largely borrowed from GC (for the open-tubular format) or from HPLC (for the packed format). Open-tubular coated capillaries (50-100 irn i.d.), packed capillaries (100-500 p,m i.d.), and packed columns (1 -4.6 mm i.d.) have been used for SFC (Table 4.27). 

In 1973 the companies specializing in the production of industrial chemicals and synthetic materials needed to raise about 6,000,000,000. It was expected that about 80% of that would be obtained from net income and depreciation charges. About 10% would be borrowed and the remaining 10%would come from the other categories.19... 

The build-operate-transfer model is borrowed from the automotive industry, where parts suppliers install their plants as satellites on the premises of the final assembler of the car. The main advantages are a zero distance supply chain and shared infrastructure. 

Health care traditionally has lagged behind other industries in quality improvement. It has been suggested that medicine should follow the lead of the airline and other industries by using quality management to decrease unnecessary variation and improve quality (Leape, 1994). An IOM report supported this contention when the authors suggested that the American health care system can improve the quality of care by borrowing techniques used in other industries to standardize processes (Kohn, 2000). Many of these techniques are based on systems theory. 

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